S  B 
931 
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Entomol 


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GIFT  OF 
Dr.  Margaret  Wythe 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL, 


OB, 


THE  BEST  METHOD  OF  TEACHING 


THE   NATURAL   HISTORY   OF 


INJURIOUS  AND  BENEFICIAL  INSECTS 


BY  MATTHEW  COOKE, 

\< 

LATE  CHIEF  EXECUTIVE  HORTICULTURAL  OFFICER  OF  CAL. 


SACRAMENTO  : 

H.    8.   CROCKER  <fe  CO.,    PRINTERS  AND   STATIONERS. 

1884.  * 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1884, 

BY  MATTHEW  COOKED 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


PREFACE. 


This  volume,  in  conjunction  with  my  work  entitled 
INSECTS,  INJURIOUS  AND  BENEFICIAL,  is  intended  to  afford 
an  opportunity  for  study  of  the  Natural  History  of  Inju- 
rious and  Beneficial  Insects  to  those  who  have  not  had 

the  advantages  of  a  classical  education. 

M.  C. 


TO  TEACHERS  OR  STUDENTS. 


The  illustrations  given  in  the  text  book,  "  Insects,  Inju- 
rious and  Beneficial,"  number  nearly  seven  hundred,  and 
may  be  classed  as  follows  : 

i st.  Illustrations  representing  the  insect,  etc.,  about 
the  natural  size.  Examples:  Figs.  4,  9,  16,  17,  19,  etc. 

2d.  Illustrations  representing  the  insect,  etc.,  enlarged. 
Examples  :  Figs.  15,  20,  38b,  4ic,  etc. 

The  accompanying  lines  in  these  illustrations  indicate 
the  natural  length  of  the  insect.  The  cross-lines,  as  in 
Figs.  185,  1 88,  189,  etc.,  indicate  the  natural  length  of 
body  and  spread  of  wings,  etc. 

3d.  Enlarged  illustrations  of  minute  insects,  etc.,  the 
natural  size  of  which  cannot  be  given  by  lines  ;  the  natural 
length  is  given  here  in  fractions  of  an  inch.  Examples  : 
Fig-  5>  i-3°;  Fig-  I0>  !-5°;  Fig.  13,  1-40;  Fig.  29,  1-20; 
Fig.  42,  1-22  ;  Fig.  305,  1-25. 

4th.  Enlarged  illustrations,  in  which  the  lines  indicat- 
ing the  lengths  of  insects  are  absent;  Fig,  46,  4  to  16 
lines  (see  Glossary*);  Fig.  47,  4^  to  6  linesf  ;  Fig.  56,  i 
linef;  Fig.  63,  2  to  7  linesf;  Fig.  64,  6  linesf  ;  Fig.  129, 
highly  magnified;  Figs.  186,  187,  333  and  334,  about  size 
indicated  by  cross-lines  in  Fig.  188.  Fig.  264,  i*^  to  2 
linesf;  Fig.  306,  i  to  3  linesf. 

*  Line.  f  Natural  length. 


6  INTRODUCTORY. 

5th.  Illustrations  in  which  the  enlarged  and  natural 
sizes  of  insects  are  given.  Examples:  Figs.  12  ;  24,  i  and 

3;  J35;  157*  l  and  3;  i64- 

6th.  The  student  should  be  required  to  comply  with 
the  following  rules  : 

First. — To  give  answers  to  all  questions  in  writing,  ex- 
cept such  as  are  required  to  be  memorized. 

Second. — To  learn  to  draw  on  blackboard,  etc,,  the  ap- 
pendages of  the  head,  thorax  and  abdomen  of  insects. 

Third. — When  commencing  the  study,  to  learn  only  the 
common  names  of  insects  and  their  several  parts,  except 
the  technical  names  not  enclosed  in  brackets. 

Fourth. — When  reviewing  the  work,  to  learn  the  tech- 
nical names  inclosed  in  brackets.  (See  table  of  technical 
names.) 


TEACHERS. 

In  schools  where  my  book,  "Injurious  Insects  of  the 
Orchard,"  etc.,  is  in  the  library,  the  teacher  should  consult 
it  and  teach,  orally,  the  remedies  given  for  the  extermina- 
tion of  injurious  insects.  Example :  on  page  65  of  text 
book,  Fig.  196  represents  the  Achemon  Sphinx.  On  page 
1 79  of  the  former  can  be  found  a  description  of  this  species, 
and  Remedies  Nos.  14,  33,  100  and  101  are  given. 

This  course  should  be  followed  in  all  public  schools,  re- 
gardless of  other  study  of  natural  history,  on  account  of 
the  importance  of  the  subject  upon  various  branches  of 
industry  of  the  State. 


TEACH'ERS"  MANUAL. 


CHAPTER   I. 

Question — What  does  the  Science  of  Entomology  teach  V 

Answer — The  natural  history  of  insects, 

Q.— By  what  name  are  the  divisions  of  the  Realm  of  Nature 
known  ?  A. — Kingdoms. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Kingdoms  id  the  Realm  of  Nature  di- 
vided ?  A. — Three. 

Q.— Name  them  ?    A— Animal,  Vegetable  and  Mineral. 

Q. — Name  some  specimens  belonging  to  the  Animal,  Veg- 
etable and  Mineral  kingdoms  ? 

Q.-—Into  how  many  sub-kingdoms  is  the  Animal  kingdom 
divided  ?  A.— Four. 

Q. — Name  them  ?  A. — 1st,  Back-boned  Animals  (Verte- 
brata);  2d,  Jointed  Animals  (Articulata);  3d,  Soft-bodied  Ani- 
mals (Mollusca);  4th,  Star  Fishes  (Radiata). 

Q. — What  characterizes  the  Animals  belonging  to  each  of 
the  four  sub-kingdoms  of  the  Animal  Kingdom  ? 

Q. — To  what  division  of  sub-kingdoms  do  Insects  belong  ? 
A. — To  the  second,  or  Jointed  Animals. 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  Articulata  ? 

Q. — By  what  terms  are  the  divisions  of  the  sub-kingdom 
which  comprise  the  Jointed  Animals  known  ?  A. — Classes. 

Q. — Into  how  many  classes  is  the  sub-kingdom  divided  ? 
A.— Five. 

Q. — Name  them  ? 

Q.— Wherein  do  Animals  described  in  each  class  differ  from 
each  other  ?  A. — In  the  number  of  legs  they  possess. 


8  TEACHERS'-  MANUAL. 

Q. — Hew  trriny  legs  clo'the  True  Insects  have  ? 
Q. — How  many  legs  do  the  Spiders,' etc.,  have  ? 
Q.— How  many  legs  do  the  Crabs,  Lobsters,  etc.,  have  ? 
Q. — How  many  legs  do  the  Centipedes,  Millepedes,  etc., 
have? 

Q. — Have  Earth  Worms  legs  ? 

Q. — What  examples  can  be  given  in  each  case  ?  A. — 1st 
class,  Figs.  1  and  4 ;  2d  class,  Figs.  5,  9  and  10  ;  4th  class,  Fig. 
6  ;  5th  class,  Fig.  7. 

Q. — Into  how  many  regions  is  the  body  of  a  true  insect 
divided  ? 
Q. — Name  them  ? 

Q. — Into  how  many  regions  is  the  body  of  a  Spider  divided  ? 
Q. — Wherein  does  the  body  of  a  Mite  differ  from  that  of  a 
Spider  ? 

Q. — What  examples  are  given  ?    A. — Figs.  9  and  10. 
Q. — Are  Mites  always  provided  with  eight  legs  ?    A, — No  ; 
when  young  they  have  only  six  legs. 

Q. — What  example  is  given  ?    A.— Fig.  11. 
Q. — To  what  class  do  Scorpions  belong  ? 
Q. — By  what  common  name  are  the  Centipedes  and  Mille- 
pedes known  ? 

Q.— Into  how  many  groups  are  they  divided  ? 
Q. — By  what  characters  are  they  readily  distinguished  ? 
Q. — Name  the  group  which  is  considered  beneficial ;  also 
the  group  which  is  considered  injurious  ? 
Q. — Define  the  term  Insect  ? 

Q. — What  examples  are  given  to  represent  the  rings,  seg- 
ments, etc.,  by  which  the  external  skeleton  is  divided  ? 
A.— Figs.  1,  2,  6,  8  and  14. 

Q. — To  what  class  do  winged  insects  belong  ?  A. — To  the 
first  class. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  9 

Q. — Through  how  many  states  or  stages  do  insects  pass  ? 
Q.— Name  them? 

Q. — What  are  the  changes  from  one  state  or  stage  to  another 
termed  ?    A. — Transformations  (or  Metamorphoses). 


CHAPTER  II. 

Question — What  is  the  first  state  or  stage  of  insect  life  ? 

Q. — What  is  the  usual  form  of  insects'  eggs  ? 

Q. — What  examples  are  given  of  the  different  forms  of  the 
eggs  of  insects,  and  name  them  ?  A. — Figs.  25-31,  inclusive. 

Q. — What  term  is  applied  to  those  insects  which  deposit 
eggs? 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  the  term  Oviparous  ? 

Q. — Name  some  insects  which  do  not  deposit  eggs,  but 
which  bring  forth  their  young  alive  ? 

Q. — What  term  is  applied  to  them  ? 

Q.— What  is  meant  by  Viviparous  ? 

Q. — What  examples  are  given  in  relation  to  the  places  where 
insects  deposit  their  eggs,  and  describe  them  ?  A. — Figs.  27, 
28,  30  to  40  inclusive. 

NOTE.— The  questions  should  be  asked  separately  as  to  each  of  the  figures  in  the 

text. 

Q. — Name  some  of  the  insects  which  deposit  their  eggs  on 
the  foliage  of  trees  and  plants  ;  on  grasses  ;  on  wheat  stalks  ; 
in  wheat  stalks ;  in  the  ground  ;  on  the  bark  of  trees  and 
plants  ;  on  fruit ;  also  those  which  make  an  incision  in  the 
leaves  of  trees,  etc.,  in  which  they  place  the  eggs  ? 

Q. — What  provision  is  made  by  the  oviparous  parent  insect 
for  the  protection  of  their  yoting  ? 


10  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Of  how  many  parts  does  the  egg  of  a  a  insect  consist, 
and  name  them  ? 

Q. — In  what  manner  are  the  eggs  of  insects  attached  to 
foliage  ? 

Fig.  20— c,  represents  the  beak  or  sucking  mouth  of  the  insect. 

Fig.  23— a,  larva;  b,  pupa;  c,  fly;  h,  tarsal  claws;  i,  antennae;  hair-lines,  aver- 
a;:o  natural  length. 

Fig.  24 — 2,  winged  plant-louse;  4,  wingless  plant  louse;  1  and  3  represent  nat- 
ural size. 

Fig.  26— Egg  of  a  moth  ribbed. 

Fig.  26— Egg  of  a  butterfly,  checkered. 

Fig.  28 — Brancli;  a,  eggs  deposited  in  pith;  b,  punctures  made  by  insect 
through  which  the  eggs  are  deposited;  c,  egg  magnified. 

Fig.  30 — Currant  leaf ;  1,  eggs;  2,  3,  holes  made  by  the  young  larvae. 

Fig  31 — a,  larva;  c,  pupa;  d,  eggs. 

Fig.  34 — a,  showing  punctures  made  by  insects;  b,  irregular  longitudinal  row 
of  eggs  placed  diagonally  across  the  pith  (unlike  those  of  Fig  28);  c,  egg  mag- 
nified. 


CHAPTER  III. 

Question— Name  the  second  state  or  stage  through  which 
insects  pass  ? 

Q.— What  is  meant  by  larva? 

Q.— By  what  other  names  or  terms  are  the  larvae  designated? 

Q.— What  is  meant  by  worm-like  ? 

Q. — Are  the  larvae  of  all  insects  worm-like  ? 

Q. — Name  some  of  the  insects  whose  larvae  are  not  worm- 
like  ? 

Q. — In  what  respect  do  they  differ  from  the  perfect  insect 
or  parent  ? 

Q. — Name  some  insects  the  larvae  of  which  are  worm-like  ? 

Q  — What  are  the  divisions  termed  into  which  the  body  of  a 
larva  is  divided  ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  11 

Q. — How  many  segments,  or  rings  of  the  larva,  represent 
the  thorax  of  the  perfect  insect,  and  what  are  they  termed  ? 

Q. — What  segments  or  rings  represent  the  abdomen  of  the 
perfect  insect,  and  what  are  they  termed  ? 

NOTE.— The  first  segment  is  the  segment  or  ring  next  to  the  head  ;  the  divi- 
sions of  the  body  of  the  perfect  insect  are  represented  in  the  larval  state  by  the 
head,  thoracic  segments,  and  abdominal  segments  ;  the  last  or  posterior  segment 
is  termed  the  anal  segment. 

Q.— When  there  is  a  horny  plate  on  top  of  the  first  segment, 
what  is  it  termed  ? 

Q. — When  there  is  a  horny  plate  on  top  of  the  twelfth  or 
last  segment,  what  is  it  termed  ? 

Q. — When  there  is  a  horn,  or  spine,  on  top  of  the  eleventh 
segment,  what  is  it  termed  ? 

Q. — What  is  the  back  or  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a  larva 
termed  ? 

Q. — What  is  the  belly  or  under  part  of  the  body  of  a  larva 
termed  ? 

Q. — Where  are  the  breathing  pores  or  spiracles  of  Cater- 
pillars located. 

Q.— By  what  terms  are  the  lines  on  the  body  of  some  Cater- 
pillars designated  ? 

Q. — Where  are  the  dorsal,  stigmatal  and  sub-dorsal  lines 
located  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  appearance  of  some  of  the  larvae  of  But- 
terflies and  Moths,  and  name  the  examples  given  ? 

Q. — When  a  larva  is  destitute  of  legs,  by  what  common 
name  is  it  known  ? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  ? 

Q. — How  are  Caterpillars  designated  ?  A. — As  True  Cater- 
pillars, or  as  False  Caterpillars. 


12  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Describe  the  characteristics  by  which  True  Caterpillars 
are  known,  also  those  by  which  False  Caterpillars  are  known  ? 

Q. — What  are  the  legs  attached  to  the  thoracic  segments 
termed ;  also  those  attached  to  the  abdominal  segments  ? 

Q. — What  are  the  legs  attached  to  the  anal  segment  termed  ? 

Q. — What  figures  represent  the  pro-leg  of  a  Caterpillar  ? 

Q. — Describe  a  pro-leg  ? 

Q. — What  common  name  is  given  to  Caterpillars  having  only 
four,  six,  or  eight  pro-legs  ? 

Q. — From  what  do  they  derive  their  name  ?  A. — From 
their  mode  of  locomotion. 

Q. — When  larvae  are  destitute  of  legs  and  apparently  head- 
less, what  are  they  termed  ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  ? 

Q. — In  what  state  or  stage  of  life  do  insects  increase  in  size  ? 

Q. — What  are  larvae  termed  which  have  only  six  legs,  and  to 
what  kind  of  insects  do  they  belong  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  example  given  ? 

Q. — Do  Butterflies  or  any  other  insects  increase  iu  size  after 
their  wings  and  other  members  have  acquired  their  proper 
form  and  degree  of  firmness  ? 

[The  pupil  should  be  taught  the  difference  between  the  pro- 
leg  of  a  True  Caterpillar,  having  from  ten  to  sixteen  legs,  and 
that  of  a  False  Caterpillar,  having  twenty  or  twenty-two  legs, 
the  former  having  a  hook  on  the  tip,  the  latter  having  none.] 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  dorsum  ;  venter  ;  piliferous  ;  tuber- 
cle ;  thorax  ;  abdomen  ;  spiracle  ? 

Fig.  41— a,  larva;  b,  pupa;  c,  perfect  insect. 

Fig.  42 — Larva  of  Thrip,  (natural  size,  one  twenty-eighth  of  an  inch  in  length). 

Fig.  43— c,  egg;  b,  larva;  a,  pupa. 

Fig.  52 — Cut-worm  and  joint  showing  piliferous  spots,  enlarged. 

Fig.  60— a,  a,  a,  larva;  b,  enlarged  joint  of  body  showing  black  tubercles. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  13 


CHAPTER    IV. 

Question — Name  the  third  state  or  stage  through  which 
insects  pass  ? 

Q.— What  is  meant  by  pupa? 

Q. — What  other  terms  are  applied  to  the  third  state  through 
which  insects  pass  ? 

Q. — Are  all  pupae  capable  of  moving  about  and  taking  food? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  those  which  are  capable  of 
moving,  etc.  ? 

Q. — Wherein  do  they  differ  in  appearance  or  form  from  the 
perfect  insect  ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  those  which  are  incapable 
of  moving  and  taking  foot!  in  the  pupa  state  ? 

Q. — What  was  the  appearance  in  the  larva  state  of  those 
insects  which  are  incapable  of  moving  in  the  pupa  state  ? 

Q. — Wherein  do  the  pupae  of  Beetles,  Bees,  Wasps,  and  many 
Two-winged  Flies  differ  from  the  pupse  of  the  Butterflies  and 
Moths,  and  also  from  those  of  many  of  the  Two-winged  Flies, 
and  name  the  examples  given  of  each? 

Q. — What  figure  represents  a  conical  pupa?  Also,  what 
figures  represent  an  angular  pupa? 

Q. — When  the  pupa  is  covered  with  the  old  larval  skin, 
what  is  it  termed  ? 

Q. — When  the  pupa  is  not  covered  with  the  old  larval  skin, 
what  is  it  termed  ? 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  coarctate  and  obtected  ? 

NOTE.— For  word  pupa,  page  15,  6th  line  from  bottom;  page  16,  5th  line  from 
bottom  ;  pige  17,  4th  and  6th  lines  from  bottom,  read  pupce. 

Fig.  65.  a,  b,  eggs  ;  c,  newly  hatched  larva ;  d,  its  foot  (tarsu*) ;  e,  the  larva 
after  first  molt ;  f,  larva  after  second  molt ;  g,  pupa  (lines  at  the  sides  of 

2 


14  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

figures  showing  natural  length  ;  figure  on  right  showing  beak,  or  proboscis, 
magnified). 

Fig.  66.    a,  larva;  b,  pupa;  c,  eggs,  natural  size;  d,   e,  eggs  magnified. 

Fig.  71.    Pupa  of  a  moth  with  tongue  case. 

Fig.  72.  a,  wings ;  b,  b,  antennae  ;  t,  trunk,  or  proboscis  (as  enclosed  inside 
pupa  case). 


CHAPTER    V. 

Question — How  many  states  or  stages  through  which  in- 
sects pass  have  been  described,  and  name  them  ? 

Q. — What  term  is  applied  to  the  casting  of  the  skin  by  the 
larva  ? 

Q. — What  are  the  changes  from  one  state  of  insect  life  to 
another  termed  ? 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  transformation  (or  metamorphosis)  ? 

Q. — Do  Caterpillars  molt  their  skins  more  than  once  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  transformations  of  the  Archippus  But- 
terfly? 

Q.— What  figures  represent  the  transformations,  and  de- 
scribe them  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  examples  given  of  Jarvse  which  spin  a 
cocoon,  or  enter  the  earth  to  pass  their  transformations  ? 

Q. — Describe  such  other  examples  as  are  given  in  relation 
to  transformation  of  insects  ? 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  a  complete  transformation  ? 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  an  incomplete  tranformation  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  transformations  of  the  Lace-winged  Fly  ; 
May-flies  ;  Blister-beetles,  and  Two- winged  Flies  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  transformations  of  Grasshoppers,  Plant- 
bugs,  Chinch-bugs,  etc.  ? 

Q. — Describe    the   difference    in   appearance   between   the 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  15 

larvae   which  pass  through  a  complete  transformation   and 
those  which  pass  through  an  incomplete  transformation  ? 

Q.— What  is  said  in  relation  to  the  transformations  of  in- 
sects on  page  22  ? 

NOTE.— The  pupil  should  commit  to  memory  all  after  the  sixth  line  on  this 
page. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

Question — Name  the  fourth  state  or  stage  of  insect  life  ? 
Answer. — Imago. 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  Imago  ?    A. — (See  Glossary). 

Q. — By  what  character  are  the  perfect  insects  generally 
known  ?  A. — By  having  wings. 

Q. — Are  all  insects  in  the  perfect  state  possessed  of  wings  ? 
A. — No.  Some  are  destitute  of  wings. 

Q. — What  examples  can  you  give  ?  A. — Plant-lice,  and 
some  kinds  of  Grasshoppers. 

Q. — Into  how  many  parts  is  the  body  of  the  perfect  insect 
divided,  and  name  them  ?  A. — Three.  The  head,  thorax  and 
abdomen. 

Q. — What  figures  represent  these  divisions  ?  A. — Figures 
Nos.  8  and  89. 

Fig.  89.  Grasshopper  divided  into  five  parts,  namely  :  head,  prothorax,  meso- 
thorax  and  metathorax  (the  three  divisions  of  the  thorax),  and  the  abdomen. 

The  technical  name  of  each  part  of  the  insect  is  given  to  assist  the  pupil  when 
consulting  works  in  which  such  terms  are  used. 

Q. — Define  the  terms  head,  thorax  and  abdomen,  as  used  in 
describing  insects  ?  A. — The  head  is  that  part  of  the  insect's 
body  which  is  foremost  in  the  creature's  locomotion  ;  thorax, 
(see  Glos.) ;  abdomen,  (see  Glos.). 


16  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q.— What  terms  are  used  in  describing  the  eyes  of  insects  ? 
A. — Compound  eyes  and  simple  eyes.  (Ocelli,  plural;  ocellus, 
sing.) 

Q.— What  is  meant  by  antennae  and  to  what  portion  of  the 
insect's  body  are  they  attached  ?  A. — The  antennae  are  two 
horn-like  appendages  attached  to  the  head,  and  are  usually 
placed  in  a  position  near  the  compound  eyes. 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  compound  eyes  ?    A. — (See  Glossary). 

Q. — What  examples  are  given  of  the  simple  eyes  (ocelli)  in 
illustrations  ?  A.— Figs.  89,  333  and  334. 

Q. — State  what  is  thought  to  be  the  functions  of  the 
antennae  ?  A. — It  is  supposed  that  they  are  in  some  manner 
connected  with  the  sense  of  hearing. 

Q. — What  are  the  divisions  of  the  antennae  termed,  and  how 
are  they  described  ?  A. — Joints,  and  are  designated  by 
numbers. 

Q. — Which  of  the  joints  are  designated  as  the  first  and 
last  joints  ?  A. — The  joint  next  the  head  is  the  first,  or  basal 
joint ;  and  the  one  at  the  tip,  or  apex,  is  the  last  joint. 

Q. — Name  the  different  forms  of  the  antennae  as  given  in 
this  chapter  (including  the  forms  on  pages  137  and  140)  ? 

NOTE.- -The  pupils  should  be  required  to  commit  to  memory  the  name  and 
description  of  the  various  forms  of  antennae;  also,  to  draw  the  figures  on  the 
black-board;  since  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  forms,  etc.,  of  the  antenna; 
is  necessary  for  the  classification  of  insects. 

Q. — Name  the  parts  or  sets  of  organs  of  the  mouth  of  an 
insect  that  masticates  its  food  ?  A.— The  upper  lip,  lower  lip, 
upper  jaws  and  the  lower  jaws. 

Q. — How  are  they  arranged  ? 

NOTE.— The  pupil  should  draw,  on  paper  or  black-board,  the  arrangement  of 
the  mouth  parts  and  draw  the  figures  of  each,  and  also  the  appendages  of  the 
lower  lip  and  lower  jaws. 

Fig.  103.  The  ventral  or  underside  of  a  beetle,  giving  the  technical  name  of 
each  part.  (For  the  same  purpose  as  in  fig.  89.) 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  17 

Q. — What  are  the  appendages  of  the  lower  jaws  and  lower 
lip  termed  ?  A.— Palpi  (or  feelers). 

Q. — Name  the  other  parts  of  the  mouth  not  mentioned 
above  ?  A. — Tongue,  chin,  and  a  second  pair  of  appendages 
attached  to  the  lower  lip. 

Q. — On  what  figures  are  shown  the  mouth  parts  of  insects 
which  masticate  their  food  ?  A. — Figs.  Nos.  89  and  103. 

NOTE,— The  pupils  should  be  required  to  give  the  common  name  of  each  part, 
as  in  (fig1.  103)  labrum,  upper  lip ;  mandibles,  upper  jaws  ;  maxillce,  lower  jaws ; 
labium,  under  lip ;  mentum,  chin.  In  referring  to  the  palpi,  or  feelers,  append- 
ages of  the  lower  jaws  and  lower  lip,  the  terminating  pi  is  plural,  and  pus  singu- 
lar, as  maxillary  palpus  (sing.);  labial  palpi  (plural). 

Q. — Name  the  figures  which  represent  the  upper  jaw  of  an 
insect  which  masticates  its  food  ;  also,  those  which  represent 
the  lower  jaw,  upper  lip,  and  lower  lip  ?  A. — Upper  jaw, 
Nos.  89, 103, 107, 108, 109  and  110.  Lower  jaw,  Nos.  89,  103, 
111  and  113.  Upper  lip,  Nos.  89,  103,  104  and  105.  Lower 
lip,  Nos.  89,  103  and  106. 

Q. — Name  the  figures  that  represent  the  teeleis  (palpi)  and 
other  appendages  of  the  lower  jaws  and  lower  lip  ?  A. — Nos. 
89,  103, 106  and  111. 

NOTE. — The  above  question  may  be  divided  as  thought  best  by  the  teacher. 

Q. — Of  what  forms  are  the  mouth  parts  of  insects,  which 
obtain  their  nourishment  by  suction  ?  A. — In  some  insects  the 
mouth  parts  are  formed  as  an  elongated  beak,  or  proboscis, 
and  are  fitted  for  piercing  the  substance  on  which  they  feed  ; 
in  Butterflies  and  Moths  it  is  usually  as  long  as  the  body,  and 
coiled  beneath  the  head,  when  not  in  use. 

Q. — What  class  of  sucking  insects  have  their  mouth  parts 
fitted  for  piercing  ?  A. — Bugs,  Horse-flies,  etc. 

Q. — Name    an    insect    with    mouth    fitted    for  lapping  ? 
A. — House-fly. 
2* 


18  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Name  the  insects  that  have  their  mouth  parts  fitted  for 
sucking  the  nectar  of  flowers  ?  A. — Butterflies  and  Moths. 

Q.— What  figure  represents  the  beak  of  a  sucking  insect  ? 
A.— Fig.  No.  114,  a. 

Q. — What  figure  represents  the  proboscis  of  a  Butterfly  or 
Moth  ?  A.— Fig.  No.  115,  g. 

Q. — What  part  of  the  head  of  an  insect  is  termed  the  occi- 
put ?  A.— The  posterior,  or  that  portion  of  the  head  next  to 
the  thorax. 

Q. — Name  the  portions  of  the  head  as  lettered  on  Fig.  116? 
A. — Forehead  or  face,  a  ;  vertex,  b  ;  temples,  d,  d  ;  eyes,  e,  e ; 
cheeks,  f ;  clypeus,  g  ;  upper  lip,  h. 

Q. — What  is  the  second  division  of  the  body  of  an  insect 
termed  ?  A. — The  thorax. 

Q. — What  appendages  are  attached  to  the  thorax  ?  A. — The 
wings  and  legs. 

Q. — WThat  figure  represents  the  thorax  divided  into  sections ; 
and  into  how  many  divisions  is  it  divided  ?  A. — No.  89.  The 
thorax  is  divided  into  three  divisions. 

Q. — To  what  section  is  the  fore  (or  anterior)  pair  of  legs  at- 
tached ?  A. — To  the  section  next  to  the  head  (prothorax). 

Q. — To  what  section  are  the  upper  pair  of  wings  and  the 
middle  pair  of  legs  attached  ?  A. — To  the  second  section 
from  the  head  (mesothorax). 

Q. — To  what  section  are  the  hind  or  under  pair  of  wings 
and  posterior  pair  of  legs  attached?  A. — To  the  third  sec- 
tion from  the  head  (metathorax). 

Legs. 

Q. — What  appendage  of  an  insect  does  Fig.  117  represent  ? 
A.-Leg. 
Q.— Name  the  divisions  into  which  the  leg  (Fig.  117)  is  di- 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  19 

vided  and  the  letters  representing  them?  A. — Thigh,  e; 
shank,  f  ;  foot,  h. 

Q. — Into  how  many  joints  is  the  foot  (Fig.  117)  divided  ? 
A. — Five  joints. 

Q. — What  is  attached  at  the  terminal  of  the  fifth  or  last 
joint  ?  A. — Two  claws. 

Wing. 

Q. — What  is  the  texture  of  the  fore  or  anterior  pair  of  wings 
of  Beetles  ?  A.— A  hard,  bony  texture. 

Q. — What  is  the  line  where  the  wings  meet  upon  the  back 
of  the  Beetle  termed,  and  by  what  Fig.  represented  ?  A. — Su- 
ture. Fig.  118. 

Q. — What  is  the  character  of  the  surface  of  the  fore-wings, 
and  by  what  Figs,  are  they  represented  ?  A. — Some  are  cov- 
ered with  small  humps  (rugose),  some  with  longitudinal  ridges 
(strice),  Fig.  119,  and  they  are  nearly  always  covered  with 
small  punctures  as  if  pricked  by  the  point  of  a  pin,  Fig.  120. 

Q. — What  are  these  hard,  bony  fore-wings  termed  ? 
A.— Wing-cases,  as  they  are  never  used  in  flying. 

Q. — What  is  the  texture  of  the  anterior  or  fore-wings  of 
Grasshoppers,  Crickets  and  some  kinds  of  Bugs  ?  A. — They 
are  more  or  less  of  a  firm,  leathery  texture. 

Q. — By  what  prominent  character  or  covering  can  the  wings 
of  Butterflies,  and  nearly  all  kinds  of  Moths,  be  indentified  ? 
A. — They  are  covered  with  scales  of  various  designs. 

Q.— What  is  the  texture  of  the  wings  when  the  scales  are 
rubbed  off?  A, — They  are  thin  and  membraneous. 

Q.— What  is  the  texture  of  the  wings  of  Bees,  Wasps, 
House-flies,  Dragon-flies,  Plant-lice,  and  similar  insects  ? 
A. — All  the  wings  are  thin  and  membraneous. 

Q. — What  insects  have  their  posterior  wings  thin  and  mem- 


20  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

braneous  ?    A. — Those  which  have  the  anterior  or  fore- wings 
thickened. 

Q. — Name  some  of  them  ?  A. — Beetles,  Grasshoppers, 
Crickets,  and  some  other  kinds  of  Bugs. 

Q. — Describe  the  lines  by  which  the  wings  of  Bees,  Wasps, 
and  similar  insects  are  divided  ?  A. — They  are  furnished  with 
veins,  which  are  more  or  less  connected  by  cross  veins  or 
nerves. 

Q. — When  these  veins  and  cross  veins  form  enclosed  spaces, 
what  are  such  spaces  termed  ?  A. — Cells. 

Q. — When  is  a  cell  said  to  be  closed  ?  A.— When  it  is  sur- 
rounded by  veins  and  cross  veins  as  2,  2,  2,  Fig.  125. 

Q. — When  is  a  cell  said  to  be  open  ?    A.— When  the  poste- 
rior margin  of  the  wing  forms  one  of  its  sides  as  4,  4,  Fig.  125. 
Q. — By  what  characteristics  do  Naturalists  determine  the 
genera  and  species  of  Plant-lice  (Aphis)?    A.— By  the  differ- 
ence in  the  vein  ing  of  the  wings. 

Q.— What  do  Figs.  126,  127,  and  128,  represent  ?  A.— The 
wings  of  the  Rose  and  Grain  Aphis,  Apple-tree  Aphis  and  the 
Woolly  Aphis. 

Q. — What  is  the  third  or  posterior  division  of  the  body  of 
an  insect  termed  ?  A. — The  abdomen. 

Q. — What  are  the  functions  of  this  division  ?  A. — It  con- 
tains the  organs  of  nutrition  and  of  reproduction,  and  the 
spiracles  through  which  it  breathes.  It  is  sometimes  fur- 
nished with  a  sting  as  in  Bees  and  Wasps,  or  with  an  ovipos- 
itor as  in  Saw-flies,  Ichneumon -flies,  etc. 

Q. — On  what  figure  of  a  perfect  insect  are  the  spiracles 
represented  ?  A.— Fig.  89. 

Q. — What  figures  represent  the  wings  of  a  Moth ;  Butter- 
fly ;  Two- winged  Fly  ;  Bee  ;  Wasp  or  Saw-fly,  and  also  of  the 
Plant-lice  (or  Aphis)  ?  A.— Nos.  121,  122,  Moths ;  No.  123, 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.    •  21 

Butterfly  ;  No.  124,  Two-winged  FJy  ;  No.  125,  Bee,  Wasp/but 
particularly  the  Saw-fly. 

Q. — "What  figure  represents  the  ovipositor  of  the  Saw-fly, 
also  of  the  Ichneumon-fly  ?  A. — No.  129,  ovipositor  of  the 
Saw-fly  ;  No.  131,  ovipositor  of  the  Ichneumon-fly,  both 
highly  magnified. 

NOTE.— The  last  two  questions  may  be  divided. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

The  pupils  should  study  this  chapter  carefully,  the  teacher 
asking  such  questions  as  will  assist  them  in  understanding 
the  text. 

True  insects  are  those  which  are  furnished  with  six  legs.  (See 
Chap.  1,  page  2.) 


CHAPTER   VIII. 

Question — Into  how  many  Orders  are  true  insects  divided  ? 
Answer. — Seven. 

Q. — By  what  characters  are  the  Orders  named  in  this  chap- 
ter determined  ?  A. — By  the  number  and  structure  of  the 
wings. 

Q. — Name  the  seven  Orders,  giving  the  technical  and  com- 
mon names,  also  the  typical  insects?  A. — The  pupil  should 
be  required  to  memorize  all  of  page  36,  and  also  the  first  two 
lines  on  page  37. 

NOTE. — The  division  of  insects  into  seven  orders,  as  given  in  this  chapter,  refers 
only  to  the  true  insects.  I  have  followed  the  arrangement  of  orders  by  Dr.  A.  S. 
Packard,  Jr.,  excepting  I  have  omitted  his  eighth  order,  Thysanura,  which  com- 
prise the  bristle-tails  and  xpriny -tails. 


22  *    TEACHERS'  MANAUL. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

Question — Into  how  many  sections  are  the  Orders  of  true 
insects  divided,  as  characterized  by  the  difference  in  the 
mouth  parts  ?  Answer — Two. 

Q. — Name  those  comprising  the  first  section?  A. — Gnawing 
insects,  or  those  that  are  furnished  with  jaws  (for  masticating 
their  food). 

Q. — Whatr Orders  belong  to  this  section?  A. — Hymenop- 
tera,  (or  membraneous- winged) ;  Coleoptera,  (or  sheath- 
winged)  ;  Orthoptera,  (or  straight-winged) ;  and  Neuroptera, 
(or  nerved-winged). 

Q. — Name  those  comprising  the  second  section?  A. — Suck- 
ing insects,  or  those  that  have  the  mouth  parts  formed  into 
a  beak  or  proboscis. 

Q. — What  Orders  belong  to  this  section?   A. — Lepidoptera, 
(or  scaly-winged) ;   Hemiptera,  (or  half-winged,)  (divided  in 
Sub-orders  as  in  Chap.  8),  and  Diptera  (two-winged). 
SECTION  I. 

Q. — Name  the  four  Orders  which  comprise  the  first  section, 
or  gnawing  insects?  A. — Hymenoptera,  Coleoptera,  Orthop- 
tera and  Neuroptera. 

Q. — Name  some  insects  belonging  to  the  Hymenoptera? 
A. — Bees,  Wasps,  Saw-flies,  and  Ichneumon-flies. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  the  insects  of  this  Order  ? 
A. — Four  (excepting  a  few  species  which  are  wingless). 

Q. — What  characterizes  the  wings  as  to  size?  A. — The  hind 
or  posterior  pair  is  the  smaller. 

Q. — Describe  the  mouth  parts  of  Bees,  Wasps,  etc.  ?  A. — The 
upper  jaws  are  fitted  for  biting  ;  the  lower  jaws  are  fitted  for 
sucking  or  lapping  their  food. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  23 

Q. — Name  an  insect  of  this  Order,  the  female  of  which  is 
armed  with  a  piercer,  or  saw,  which  she  uses  to  puncture  the 
leaves  or  twigs  of  plants  to  deposit  her  egg?  A. — The 
Saw-fly. 

Q. — Name  an  insect  of  this  Order,  the  female  of  which 
deposits  her  egg  in  the  bodies  or  eggs  of  other  insects  ? 
A. — Ichneumon-fly. 

Q. — How  do  the  young  (larvae)  of  the  insects  of  this  Order 
procure  their  food?  A. — Many  are  provided  with  food  stored 
by  their  parents.  The  larvae  of  the  Saw-flies  live  upon  the 
leaves  of  plants. 

Q. — Are  the  larvae  provided  with  legs?  A. — The  larvae  of 
the  Saw-flies  have  twenty  or  twenty -two  legs,  but  the  larvae  of 
a  greater  number  of  insects  of  this  order  are  destitute  of  legs. 

Q. — Are  their  transformations  complete  or  incomplete  ? 
A. — Complete. 

Q.— Describe  the  pupa  of  the  Strawberry  Saw-fly?  A.— The 
legs,  antennae,  and  wings  are  enclosed  in  separate  cases. 

Q.— When  do  the  larvae  of  this  Order  of  insects  pupate  ? 
A. — The  larvae  usually  pupate,  etc.,  (see  text). 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typi- 
cal insects  of  this  Order  in  this  and  preceding  chapter  ? 
A.— Fig.  1,  Wasp  ;  Figs.  15,  130,  133  and  137,  Saw-flies  ;  Figs. 
131  and  134,  Ichneumon-flies. 

Coleoptera. 

Q. — Name  some  of  the  insects  which  belong  to  the  Order  of 
Coleoptera  ?  A. — Meloe,  Darkling  Beetles,  the  Beetle  which 
produced  the  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer,  June  Beetle,  and 
the  Striped  Cucumber  Beetle. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  Beetles  ?  A. — They  are  pro- 
vided with  four  wings  (excepting  a  few  species). 


24  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q.— By  what  terms  are  the  fore-wings  of  Beetles  known  ? 
A. — Wing  cases  ;  elytra. 

Q.— Do  the  fore-wings  of  Beetles  meet  in  a  straight  line 
(suture)  in  all  species?  A. — No.  The  fore-wings  of  Meloe  over- 
lap each  other,  and  the  wing-cases  of  some  of  the  Darkling 
Beetles  are  united  at  the  suture. 

Q. — Are  the  hind  wings  of  Beetles  of  a  hard  and  horny 
texture,  similar  to  the  fore  wings?  A.— No,  they  are  mem- 
braneous. 

Q. — How  lire  they  folded  when  the  insect  is  at  rest  ? 
A. — They  are  folded  lengthwise  and  crosswise,  and  concealed 
beneath  the  fore  wings. 

Q. — Are  their  transformations  complete  or  incomplete  ? 
A. — Complete. 

Q.— Are  the  larvae  of  Beetles  termed  Caterpillars?  A.— No  ; 
they  are  commonly  termed  grubs. 

Q. — How  many  legs  have  the  grubs  of  Beetles?  A. — The 
grubs  of  some  beetles  have  six  legs,  but  a  great  many  kinds 
are  entirely  destitute  of  legs. 

Q. — Have  the  grubs  of  Beetles  a  distinct  head  ?    A. — Yes. 

Q. — Where  do  the  larvae  prepare  to  enter  the  pupa  state  ? 
A. — Some  in  the  substance  in  which  they  live ;  others  enter 
the  earth  and  spin  a  slight  cocoon. 

Q. — Are  the  appendages  of  the  body  folded  on  the  breast, 
as  in  Fig.  67,  or  are  they  in  separate  cases,  as  in  Fig.  68  ? 
A.— They  are  encased  'in  separate  cases,  as  in  Fig.  68. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  of  typical  insects  of  this  order 
which  have  been  given  in  this  and  preceding  chapters? 
A.— Fig.  4,  the  Goldsmith  Beetle  ;  Figs.  19,  86  and  120,  Potato 
Beetles  ;-  Fig.  118,  Tortoise  Beetle  ;  Fig.  119,  Darkling  Beetle  ; 
Fig.  138,  beetle  which  produces  the  grub  commonly  known  as 
the  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer,  and  Fig.  139,  the  June  Beetle. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  25 

Orthoptera. 

Q. — Name  some  typical  insects  of  the  Order  Orthoptera  ? 
A. — Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  Katydids  and  Earwigs. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  etc.? 
A. — Four  wings. 

Q. — Describe  the  texture,  folding,  etc.,  of  the  wings  ? 
A.— The  fore-wings  are  thickened  or  parchment-like,  and 
overlap  each  other  on  the  back.  The  hind  wings  are  thinner, 
and  when  at  rest  are  folded  up  lengthwise  like  a  fan,  and  are 
nearly  concealed  beneath  the  anterior  pair. 

Q. — Are  all  the  insects  of  this  Order  provided  with  wings  ? 
A. — No  ;  in  a  few  species  one  or  both  pairs  are  wanting. 

Q. — Are  the  transformations  of  the  insects  of  this  Order 
complete  ?  A. — No  ;  they  are  incomplete. 

Q. — Are  the  insects  belonging  to  the  Order  Orthoptera  in- 
jurious ?  A. — All  are  more  or  less  injurious  excepting  the 
Mantis  family. 

Q. — What  similarity  of  characters  are  there  between  the 
Earwigs  of  this  Order  and  the  Rove  Beetles  of  the  Order 
Coleoptera  ?  A. — The  fore-wings  of  each  meet  in  a  straight  line 
on  the  back. 

Q. — How  are  they  distinguished  from  each  other  ?  A. — By 
the  prominent  anal  forceps  with  which  the  Earwigs  are  pro- 
vided. (See  Fig.  41,  c.) 

Q.— Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typical 
insects  of  this  Order  in  this  and  preceding  chapters  ?  A.— Fig. 
21,  Jumping  Tree-cricket ;  Fig.  41,  a,  the  Earwig  ;  Fig.  141, 
the  Katydid,  and  Fig.  142,  the  Praying  Mantis. 

Neuroptera. 

Q. — Name  some  insects  belonging  to  the  Order  Neuroptera  ? 
A. — Dragon  Flies,  May  Flies,  White  Ants  and  Lace-winged 
Flies. 
3 


26  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  Dragon  Flies,  May  Flies,  etc.  ? 
A.— Four ;  but  in  some  species  the  hind  wings  are  wanting 
and  several  other  species  are  entirely  wingless. 

Q.— Name  a  prominent  character  in  the  structure  of  their 
wings  ?  A.—They  appear  like  a  net  work  of  veins. 

Q. — Are  the  bodies  and  appendages  of  Neuroptera  of  a 
hard  and  horny  texture  ?  A.— No  ;  they  are  soft. 

Q. — What  are  the  habits  of  the  larvae  ?  A.—They  are  mostly 
aquatic. 

Q. — Are  their  transformations  complete  or  incomplete  ? 
A. — Some  are  incomplete,  having  active  pupae ;  others  are 
complete. 

Q. — Name  an  insect  belonging  to  this  Order  that  is  injuri- 
rious  ?  A.  —The  White  Ant. 

Q. — Name  a  species  that  is  eminently  beneficial  ?  A. — The 
Lace-winged  Fly. 

Q. — Are  the  Neuroptera  beneficial  or  injurious  ?  A. — Bene- 
ficial, generally  ;  the  White  Ants  being  the  exception. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typi- 
cal insects  of  this  Order  in  this  and  preceding  chapters  ? 
A.— Fig.  22,  Lace-winged  Fly,  and  Fig.  143,  Dragon  Fly. 

Q. — How  many  legs  have  the  larvae  of  Neuroptera  ?  A. — Six. 

SECTION  II. 

Q.— Name  the  three  Orders  which  comprise  the  second  sec- 
tion of  Sucking  Insects  ?  A. — Lepidoptera,  Hemiptera  and 

Diptera. 

Lepidoptera. 

Q. — Name  the  typical  insects  of  Lepidoptera  ?  A. — Butter- 
flit  s  and  Moths. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  Butterflies  and  Moths  ? 
A.— Four. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  27 

Q. — Are  there  any  exceptions  in  regard  to  the  number  of 
wings  ?  A. — Yes  ;  the  females  of  the  Canker-worm  Moths  are 
wingless. 

Q. — What  are  the  prominent  characters  in  the  wings  of 
Lepidoptera  for  classification  ?  A. — They  are  covered  with 
minute  scales. 

Q. — Describe  the  mouth  parts  of  the  Lepidoptera  ?  A. — The 
upper  lip  and  jaws  are  rudimentary,  while  the  lower  jaw  is 
formed  into  a  long  tube  or  proboscis  fitted  for  sucking. 

Q. — Are  their  transformations  complete  or  incomplete  ? 
A. — Complete. 

Q.— In  the  pupa  state  are  the  appendages  enclosed  in  sepa- 
rate cases  ?    A. — No  ;  they  are  enclosed  in  a  common  sheath 
•  or  covering. 

Q. — How  many  legs  have  the  larvae  of  Lepidoptera  ? 
A. — From  ten  to  sixteen  legs. 

Q.— What  example  is  given  of  a  larva  provided  with  ten 
legs  ?  A. — The  Spring  Canker-worm,  Fig.  150. 

Q.— What  example  is  given  of  larvae  provided  with  six- 
teen legs  ?  A. — The  larva  of  the  Achemon  Sphinx,  Fig.  152. 

Q. — Are  the  larvae  of  Lepidoptera  injurious  ?  A. — They 
are  all  injurious  excepting  one  small  species. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typi- 
cal insects  of  this  Order  in  this  and  preceding  chapters  ? 
A.— Figs.  16,  81,  88  and  146,  Butterflies  ;  Figs.  17, 147  and  148, 
Moths. 

Hemiptera. 

Q. — What  are  the  insects  of  the  Order  Hemipteria  com- 
monly termed  ?  A. — True  Bugs. 

Q. — Name  some  insects  which  belong  to  Hemiptera  ? 
A.— The  Dotted-legged  Plant  Bug,  the  Spined  Soldier  Bug, 
the  Eing-banded  Soldier  Bug,  and  the  Many-banded  Bobber. 


28  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  True  Bugs  ?  A. — They  are  usu- 
ally provided  with  four  wings,  but  some  are  entirely  destitute 
of  wings. 

Q. — What  terms  are  applied  to  the  mouth  part  of  the  True 
Bugs  ?  A. — Beak  or  proboscis. 

Q. — In  how  many  Sub-orders  is  the  Order  of  Hemiptera 
divided,  and  name  them  ?  A.— Two  ;  Homoptera  and  Heter- 
optera. 

Homoptera. 

Q. — Name  some  typical  insects  of  the  Sub-order  Homoptera  f 
A.— The  Buffalo  Tree-hopper,  Vine  Hoppers,  Grain  Aphis, 
Hop  Aphis,  Apple-tree  Aphis  and  the  Scale  Insects. 

Q. — Describe  the  wings  of  the  Homoptera  ?  A. — They  have 
the  wings  of  the  same  texture  throughout,  either  wholly 
leathery  or  wholly  membraneous. 

Q. — What  examples  can  be  given  ?  A. — The  Buffalo  Tree- 
hopper  representing  the  former,  and  the  Grain  Aphis  repre- 
senting the  other. 

Q.— Is  the  beak  attached  to  the  front  of  the  head  of  insects 
of  this  Sub-order  ?  A. — No  ;  it  is  attached  to  the  posterior 
part  of  the  under  side  of  the  head,  and  sometimes  apparently 
arises  from  the  breast. 

Q. — Are  the  insects  of  this  Sub-order  beneficial  or  injuri- 
ous ?  A. — They  are  all  injurious  to  vegetation. 

Q. — Name  some  of  the  wingless  forms  ?  A. — Some  of  the 
Aphis  and  the  females  of  the  Scale  Insects. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typi- 
cal insects  of  this  Sub-order  in  this  and  preceding  chapters  ? 
A.— Figs.  24,  156,  157  and  158,  Plant-lice  ;  Fig.  155,  Buffalo 
Tree-hopper  ;  Fig.  159,  Red  Scale  insect. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  29 

Heteroptera. 

Q. — Name  some  insects  belonging  to  the  Sub-order  Heter- 
optera? A. — Plant  Bugs,  Soldier  Bugs,  Harlequin  Cabbage 
Bugs,  Tkrips,  Large  Belostoma  and  Squash  Bugs. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  the  insects  of  this  Sub-order 
(see  Hemiptera)?  A.— They  have  usually  four,  but  some  are 
wingless. 

Q. — Describe  the  fore-wings  of  the  Heteroptera?  A. — The 
fore-wings  are  thickened  at  the  base,  while  the  outer  part  is 
thin  and  more  membraneous. 

Q. — Is  the  beak  attached  to  the  breast  or  posterior  portion 
of  the  head,  as  in  Homoptera?  A. — No;  the  beak  issues 
from  the  fore  part  of  the  under  side  of  the  head. 

Q. — Are  the  insects  of  this  Sub-order  injurious  to  vegetation, 
or  are  they  beneficial?  A. — Some  are  predacious,  others  par- 
asites, and  others  feed  upon  the  juices  of  plants. 

Q.— When  at  rest  are  the  wings  held  slanting  over  the  back 
like  a  steep  roof,  as  in  Homoptera?  A. — No ;  they  lie  flatly 
on  the  back  and  overlap  each  other. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typical 
insects  of  this  Sub-order  in  this  and  preceding  chapters  ? 
A.— Fig.  20,  Plant  Bug  ;  Fig.  85,  Chinch  Bug  ;  Fig.  114,  True 
Bug  (the  Spined  Soldier  Bug) ;  Fig.  153,  Ring-banded  Soldier 
Bug ;  Fig.  154,  Many-banded  Soldier  Bug ;  Fig.  160,  Cab- 
bage Bug  ;  Fig.  161,  Thrip  ;  Fig.  162,  Belostoma  (Water  Bug)  ; 
and  163,  the  Squash  Bug. 

Diptera. 

Q. — Name  some  of  the  insects  belonging  to  the  Order  Dip- 
tera? A.— The  Wheat  Midge,  Onion  Fly  and  Crane  Fly. 

Q. — How  many  wings  have  insects  belonging  to  the  order 
Diptera?  A.— -Two. 


30  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — By  what  are  the  posterior  wings  represented,  and  by 
what  name  are  they  known?  A. — By  a  pair  of  thread-like 
organs,  knobbed  at  the  outer  end.  These  appendages  are 
called  balancers,  or  halteres. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  in  this  aad  preceding  chapters 
in  which  the  balancers,  or  halteres,  are  shown?  A. — Figs.  8, 18, 
124,  164,  165  and  168  ? 

Q. — In  Diptera,  are  the  transformations  complete  or  incom- 
plete ?  A. — Complete. 

Q. — Are  the  mouth  parts  adapted  for  gnawing?  A. — No  ; 
they  are  fitted  for  piercing  or  lapping. 

Q.— What  are  the  larvae  of  Diptera  commonly  termed  ? 
A. — Maggots. 

Q.— Name  the  illustrations  which  have  been  given  of  typical 
insects  of  this  Order,  in  this  and  preceding  chapters  ? 
A.— Figs.  8  and  168,  Grane  Flies ;  Fig.  18,  Hessian  Fly;  Fig.  23, 
Flesh  Fly;  Fig.  124,  Olive  Fly  ;  Fig.  164,  Wheat  Midge  ;  and 
Fig.  165,  the  Onion  F}y. 


CHAPTER   X. 

(Heference  may  be  made  to  Chapter  III  for  some  of  the 
answers). 

Question — Name  the  illustrations  given  in  this  and  preced- 
ing chapters  of  the  larvae  that  closely  resemble  the  parent 
when  they  first  issue  from  the  egg  ?  Answer — Fig.  41a,  larva 
of  Earwig,  Order  Orthoptera;  Fig.  42,  larva  of  Thrip ;  Fig. 
43b,  larva  of  Soldier  Bug  (Spined) ;  Fig.  65c,  larva  of  Chinch 
Bug;  Fig.  66a,  larva  of  Harlequin  Cabbage  Bug;  Order  Hem- 
iptera. 

Q. — In  what  other  Order  than  Orthoptera  and  Hemiptera 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  31 

do  the  larvae    resemble    the   parent    insect  ?    A. — In  some 
species  of  the  Order  Nueroptera. 

Q. — Wherein  do  the  larvae  of  Orthoptera  and  Hemiptera  . 
differ  ?    A.— The  larvae  of  the  Orthoptera  are  provided  with 
jaws,  capable  of  masticating  their  food  ;  the  larvae  of  the 
Hemiptera  are  provided  with  a  beak,  fitted  only  for  sucking 
the  sap  of  trees,  etc. 

Q. — Wherein  do  the  larvae  of  the  Orthoptera  and  such  larvae 
of  the  Neuroptera  as  resemble  the  parent  insect,  differ  ? 
A.— The  larvae  of  the  Neuroptera  are  aquatic,  excepting  those 
of  the  Lace-winged  Flies  and  Ant  Lions  ;  while  those  of  the 
Orthoptera  are  terrestrial. 

Q.— Wherein  do  the  larvae  that  resemble  the  perfect  insects 
differ  from  the  Imago?    A. — In  being  destitute  of  wings. 
Larvae  Destitute  of  Legs. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given  in  this  and  preceding 
chapters  of  larvae  that  are  destitute  of  legs,  and  having  a 
distinct  head  ?  A.— Fig.  53,  larva  or  grub  of  the  Plum  Cur- 
oulio  ;  Fig.  54,  larva  of  the  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer ; 
and  Fig.  55,  the  larva  or  grub  of  the  Bound-headed  Apple- 
tree  Borer. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given  in  this  and  preceding 
chapters  of  larvae  that  are  destitute  of  legs  and  without  a 
distinct  head  ?  A.— Fig.  23a,  larva  of  the  Flesh-fly  ;  Fig.  56, 
larva  of  the  Hessian  Fly  ;  Fig.  63,  larva  of  the  Syrphus  Fly  ; 
Fig.  64,  larva  of  the  House-fly;  Fig.  167,  larva  of  the  Helo- 
philus  Fly;  Fig.  170,  larva  of  the  Ox  Bot-fly. 

Q.  —  When  the  larva  is  apparently  headless,  and  is  destitute 
of  legs,  what  is  it  commonly  termed  ?  A. — A  Maggot  (see 
page  14). 

Q.— When  the  larva  is  destitute  of  legs,  and  provided  with 
a  distinct  head,  what  is  it  commonly  termed  ?  A. — A  grub 
(see  page  11). 


32  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — What  other  larvae  are  commonly  called  grubs? 
A.— Those  which  are  worm-like,  and  provided  with  six  legs. 

Q. — To  what  Order  do  the  insects  belong  which,  in  the 
second  state  of  their  existence,  are  called  Maggots?  A.— Two- 
winged  Flies  (Diptera). 

Q. — To  what  Orders  do  the  insects  belong  which,  in  the 
second  state  of  their  existence,  are  destitute  of  legs  and  are 
provided  with  a  head  ?  A. — To  the  Hymenoptera  and  Gole- 
optera. 

Q. — How  can  the  grubs  or  larvae  of  Coleoptera  and  Hymen- 
optera be  distinguished  from  each  other  ?  A.— If  the  grubs 
are  found  in  nests,  stored  with  dead  insects  or  with  pollen, 
or  in  the  eggs  or  bodies  of  insects,  or  in  larva,  or  in  a  gall  on 
the  leaf,  stem,  or  twig  of  a  plant,  they  belong  to  Hymenop- 
tera ;  otherwise  they  may  belong  to  the  Coleoptera. 

Q. — To  what  Order  do  the  insects  belong  that,  in  the  second 
state  of  their  existence,  are  worm-like  and  provided  with  six 
legs?  A. — Coleoptera ;  excepting  a  few  species  that  belong 
to  Neuroptera,  and  are  not  aquatic. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given  in  this  and  preceding 
chapters  of  the  worm-like  larvae,  or  grubs,  that  are  provided 
with  six  legs  ?  A.— Fig.  46,  Wire- worm ;  Fig.  57,  grub  of  a 
Ground  Beetle  ;  Figs.  139-2,  grub  of  the  June  Beetle ;  Fig. 
140,  grub  of  the  Cucumber  Beetle ;  Fig.  169,  grub  of  the 
Prionus  Beetle ;  Fig.  171,  grub  of  the  Asparagus  Beetle  ;  and 
Fig.  172,  grub  of  the  Bose  Beetle,  Order  Coleoptera;  and  Fig. 
47,  grub  of  the  Lace- winged  Fly,  Order  Neuroptera. 

Q.—By  what  character  can  the  grubs  of  Neuroptera  and 
those  of  Coleoptera  be  distinguished  ?  A. — Such  grubs  of 
the  Neuroptera  as  are  terrestrial  are  provided  with  long, 
prominent  jaws,  which  project  horizontally  from  the  head, 
thus  differing  from  the  Coleoptera. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  33 

Caterpillars. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given  in  this  and  preceding  chap- 
ters of  worm-like  larvae,  which  are  provided  with  not  less 
than  ten  nor  more  than  sixteen  legs?  A. — Figs.  78,  87  and 
173  are  the  larvae  of  Butterflies  ;  Fig.  50,  larva  of  the  Tussock 
Moth ;  Fig.  52,  larva  of  the  Glassy  Cut-worm  ;  Figs.  58,  61 
and  62,  larvae  of  the  Geometer  Moths  ;  Fig.  150a,  larva  of  the 
Spring  Canker-worm  ;  Fig,  151f,  larva  of  Fall  Canker-worm  ; 
and  Fig.  152,  larva  of  Achemon  Sphinx. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given  in  this  and  preceding 
chapters  of  worm-like  larvae,  that  are  provided  with  more 
than  sixteen  legs  ?  A. — Fig.  44a,  larva  of  the  Native  Currant 
Saw-fly  ;  Fig.  60a,  larva  of  the  Imported  Currant  Saw-fly  ; 
Fig.  136,  larva  of  the  Eose  Saw-fly;  Fig.  137-4,  larva  of  the 
Strawberry  Saw-fly ;  and  Fig.  174a,  larva  of  the  Pear  Slug. 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  the  term  True  Caterpillars  ?  A. — 
Caterpillars,  or  larvae,  having  not  less  than  ten  cor  more  than 
sixteen  legs. 

Q. — What  are  Caterpillars  having  more  than  sixteen  legs 
termed  ?  A. — False  Caterpillars. 

Q. — To  what  Order  do  the  insects  belong  which,  in  the 
second  state  of  their  existence,  are  provided  with  from  ten 
to  sixteen  legs  ?  A. — Lepidoptera. 

Q. — To  what  Order  do  the  insects  belong  that,  in  their 
second  state  of  existence,  are  provided  with  more  than  six- 
teen legs  ?  A. — Hymeuoptera. 

Q. — Supposing  you  dig  from  the  ground  a  larva  without 
any  visible  head,  and  destitute  of  legs,  to  what  Order  of 
insects  would  it  belong?  A. — Diptera. 

Q. — Supposing  you  were  chopping  down  a  tree,  and  in  the 
wood  found  a  larva  destitute  of  legs,  to  what  Order  of  insects 
would  ft  belong  ?  A. — Coleoptera. 


34  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q.— Supposing  that  you  found  an  insect's  nest,  and  on 
examinination  it  contained  a  larva  destitute  of  legs,  and  the 
bodies  of  insects  apparently  dead,  to  what  Order  of  insects 
would  it  belong  ?  A. — Hymenoptera. 

Q. — Supposing  you  found  a  Caterpillar  provided  with  twenty 
legs,  to  what  Order  of  insects  would  it  belong?  A. — Hymen- 
optera. 

Q.— Supposing  that  you  found  a  Caterpillar  provided  with 
ten,  twelve,  or  sixteen  legs,  to  what  Order  of  insects  would 
it  belong?  -A. — Lepidoptera. 

Q. — Supposing  that  you  found  a  worm-like  larva  provided 
with  six  legs,  and  furnished  with  short,  stout  jaws  for  masti- 
cating its  food,  to  what  Order  of  insects  would  it  belong  ? 
A. — Coleoptera. 

Q. — Supposing  that  a  worm-like  insect  was  provided  with 
long,  prominent  jaws,  which  projected  horizontally  in  front 
of  the  head,  and  was  also  furnished  with  six  legs,  to  what 
Order  of  insects  would  it  belong?  A. — If  terrestrial,  it  would 
belong  probably  to  Neuroptera. 

Q.— What  are  the  mouth  parts  of  the  larvae  of  Hemiptera 
termed  ?  A. — A  beak  or  proboscis. 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  by  which  the  beak  or  proboscis 
of  the  Hemiptera  are  shown  ?  A. — Figs.  20,  114a,  153c,  and 
157-2. 


CHAPTER    XI. 
Classification  of  Insects  into  Orders. 

Question — Name    the    divisions    into    which    insects    are 
classified  ? 

Q. — Describe  how  a  genus  is  formed  ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  35 

Q. — Describe  how  a  family  is  formed  ? 

Q. — Describe  how  an  Order  is  formed  ? 

Q. — What  is  a  general  rule  in  relation  to  the  families  of 
insects  ? 

Q. — If,  on  examination,  an  insect  is  found  to  have  mouth- 
parts  capable  of  masticating  food,  and  fore-wings  of  a  hard, 
horny  texture,  and  the  under  or  hind  wings  membraneous, 
to  what  Order  does  it  belong?  A. — Ooleoptera,  or  sheath- 
winged. 

Q.— Supposing  that  the  fore-wings  are  parchment-like  or 
leathery,  and  the  hind  or  under  wings  membraneous  and 
folded  lengthwise  like  a  fan,  to  what  Order  does  it  belong  ? 
A. — Orthoptera  or  straight-winged. 

Q.— Suppose  an  insect  is  provided  with  four  membraneous 
wings,  furnished  with  biting  jaws,  and  the  abdomen  is  armed 
with  a  piercer  or  sting,  to  what  Order  does  it  belong  ?  A. — Hy- 
menoptera,  or  membrane-winged. 

Q.— If  an  insect  is  provided  with  four  membraneous  wings  of 
equal  size  and  not  alike  in  structure,  and  is  furnished  with 
biting  jaws,  and  the  abdomen  is  not  armed  with  a  sting  or 
piercer,  to  what  Order  does  it  belong  ?  A. — Neuroptera, 
nerve- winged. 

Q. — An  insect  is  presented  for  examination.  It  is  provided 
with  four  wings  covered  with  scales  and  the  mouth  parts  fitted 
for  sucking,  to  what  Order  does  it  belong  ?  A. — Lepidop- 
tera,  or  scaly-winged. 

Q. — Describe  an  insect  belonging  to  the  Order  Hemiptera  ? 
A. — An  insect  provided  with  four  wings  which  lie  flat  upon 
its  back  and  overlap  each  other  ;  the  mouth  parts  formed  for 
sucking  and  in  the  form  of  a  beak  ;  belongs  to  the  Order 
Hemiptera  and  Sub-order  Heteroptera. 

Q.— Describe  an  insect  that  belongs  to  the  Sub-order  Hom- 
optera  ? 


36  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q.— Describe  an  insect  that  belongs  to  Diptera  ? 

Q.— In  what  Order  are  Fleas  classed  ? 

Q.— Why  are  Bed-bugs  placed  in  the  Order  Hemiptera  ? 

Q.— Why  are  Head  and  Body-lice  placed  in  the  Order  Hem- 
iptera ? 

Q. — In  what  Order  are  the  Chicken-lice  placed  ? 

Q. — By  what  characters  are  wingless  insects  classified  ? 
A.— By  the  structure  of  the  mouth  parts. 

NOTE.— The  pupil  should  be  required  to  memorize  the  remainder  of  this  Chap- 
ter, beginning  with  words  :  "The  names  of  the  different  Orders  end  inptera,"  etc. 


CHAPTER   XII. 

Classification  of  Insects  into  Families, 

Hymenoptera. 

Q. — Name  the  families  of  the  Order  Hymenoptera  ? 
A.— Bees,  Wasps,  Sand  Wasps  or  Wood  Wasps,  Digger 
Wasps,  Ants,  Golden  Wasps,  Ichneumon  Flies,  Egg  Para- 
sites, Brasslets  or  Chalcid  Flies,  Gall  Flies,  Saw-flies,  and 

Horn  Tails. 

Bees. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  Bees  are  distin- 
guished from  other  insects  of  the  Order  Hymenoptera  ? 

Q. — Where  do  Bees  construct  their  nests  ? 

Q. — What  material  is  used  by  some  kinds  of  Bees  for 
lining  their  nests  ? 

Q. — What  species  of  this  family  live  parasitically  in  the 
nests  of  those  Bees  that  gather  pollen  ? 

Q. — What  is  said  of  the  larvae  of  this  family  ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  37 

Wasps. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  Wasps  are  identified? 
Q. — Of  what  material  do  Wasps  build  their  nests? 
Q. — With  what  kind  of  food  do  they  store  their  neSts  for 
their  young  to  live  upon  ? 

Sand  Wasps   or  Wood  Wasps. 

•<j. — Describe   the   characters  by   which  Sand    Wasps  or 
Wood  Wasps  are  distinguished? 
Q. — Where  do  they  build  their  nests? 
Q. — What  is  said  about  their  larvae? 

Digger  Wasps. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  Digger  Wasps  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — Where  do  they  build  their  nests  ? 
Q. — Are  they  injurious  to  vegetation? 

Ants. 

Q. — What  is  the  general  form  of  the  antennae  of  Ants  ? 
Q.— What  is  said  of  their  larvae  ? 
Q. — Are  all  Ants  winged? 

Golden  Wasps. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Golden  Wasps 
are  distinguished? 
Q. — What  is  said  of  their  larvae? 

Ichnuemon  Flies. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Ichnuemon  Flies 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Are  the  Ichnuemon  Flies  classed  among  injurious  in- 
sects?   A. — No;  on  the  contrary,  they  are  among  the  most 
beneficial  insects  known. 
4 


38  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — On  what  class  of  insect  life  are  they  parasitic?  A. — 
They  live  within  the  bodies  of  Caterpillars  and  other  injuri- 
ous larvae. 

Q.— What  example  is  given  ?  A. — A  Bracon  Fly,  which  is 
parasitic  on  DeLong's  Moth. 

Q. — What  is  said  of  their  larvae? 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  of  Ichnuemon  Flies  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapters?  A. — Figs.  131  and  134. 

Egg  Parasites. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Egg  Parasites 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — On  what  do  they  live  or  feed  upon  while  in  the  larvae 
or  second  state  of  their  existence? 

Q.— What  is  the  length  of  the  perfect  insect? 

Brasslets  or  Chalcid  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Brasslets  or 
Chalcid  Flies  are  distinguished? 
Q.— Describe  their  larvae  and  their  habits? 

Gall  Flies. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Gall  Flies  are 
distinguished? 
Q. — Describe  the  habits  of  their  larvae  ? 

Saw  Flies, 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Saw-flies  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— How  many  legs  have  the  larvae  of  Saw-flies? 

Q.— Upon  what  do  they  feed  ? 

Q.  —Name  the  illustrations  of  the  larvae  of  Saw-flies  given 
in  the  preceding  chapters?  A.— Nos.  40,  60, 136,  137  and  174. 
(The  answer  from  pupil  should  contain  the  name  of  each.) 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  39 

Q.— Name  the  illustrations  of  the  perfect  Saw-flies  given 
in  the  preceding  chapters?  A.— Nos.  15, 130, 133, 137  and  139. 

Horn  Tails. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  Horn  Tails  ars  dis- 
tinguished? 

Q.— With  how  many  legs  are  the  larvae  of  Horn  Tails  pro- 
vided? 

Q.— In  what  material  do  the  larvae  live? 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

Classification  of  Insects  into  Families— Continued. 

Lepidoptera. 

Question — Into  how  many  sections  are  the  insects  of  this 
Order  divided,  and  name  them?  Answer — Two  sections, 
Butterflies  and  Moths. 

SECTION  I. 

Q. — What  are  the  prominent  antennal  characters  by  which 
Butterflies  can  be  distinguished  ?  A.— The  antennae  are  fili- 
form and  terminate  in  a  knob  or  club. 

Q. — What  examples  of  the  antennae  of  Butterflies  are  given 
in  the  illustrations  ?  A.— Figs.  18,  81,  88,  95,  123, 146,  175  and 
190. 

Q.— Do  Butterflies  fly  at  night  ?. 

Q. — Describe  the  appearance  of  the  perfect  insect,  and  the 
position  in  which  the  wings 'are  held  when  at  rest  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  appearance  and  habits  of  Caterpillars 
(larvee)  of  Butterflies,  and  their  habits  when  about  to  assume 
the  pupa  state  ? 


40  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

SECTION   II. 

Q.— What  are  the  prominent  antennal  characters  by  which 
Moths  can  be  distinguished  from  Butterflies  ?  A. — The  an- 
tennae never  terminate  in  a  knob  or  club,  although  it  is  fre- 
quently thickened  toward  the  tips. 

Q. — What  examples  of  Moths  are  given  in  the  preceding 
illustrations?  A.— Figs.  17, 93,  94,  97, 115, 147,  148  and  178. 

NOTE  —When  the  antennae  are  comb -toothed,  as  in  Fig.  115,  they  are  termed 
pectinate  ;  and  when  comb-toothed  on  both  sides,  as  in  Fig.  204,  they  are  termed 
bi-pectinate.  _ 

Q. — Name  the  different  forms  of  antennae  of  Moths  ?  A. — 
Figs.  17  and  94,  bristle-like  ;  93  and  178,  spindle-shaped  ;  97, 
saw-toothed  ;  115  and  147,  comb-toothed  ;  148,  thread-like. 

NOTE. — See  bristled  antennae,  Fig.  343,  and  fringed  antennae,  Fig.  345. 

Q. — Do  Moths  usually  fly  in  the  da j  time  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  appearance  of  the  perfect  insect,  and  the 
position  in  which  the  wings,  are  when  at  rest  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  habits  of  the  Caterpillars  of  Moths  when 
they  are  about  to  change  into  the  pupa  state  ? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  are  Butterflies  divided,  and 
name  them  ?  A. — Five.  Swallow  Tails  ;  White  and  Yellow  ; 
Four-footed  ;  Thecla  and  Copper,  and  Skippers. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  are  the  Moths  divided,  and 
name  them  ?  A. — Nine.  Hawk  Moths  ;  Clear-winged  Moths  ; 
Wood  Nymphs  ;  Spinners  ;  Owlet  Moths  ;  Geometrid  Moths  ; 
Snout  Moths  ;  Leaf-rollers  j  Leaf -miners,  and  Plume  Moths. 

NOTE.— The  names  of  families  of  all  the  Orders  of  insects  should  be  memorized 
by  the  pupil. 

The  questions  to  be  given,  relating  to  the  characters,  etc., 
by  which  the  Families  of  the  First  Section  of  Lepidoptera 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  41 

(Butterflies)  can  be  distinguished  from  each  other,  may  be 
arranged  as  follows  : 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  (giving  the  name 
of  the  Family)  Butterflies  are  distinguished  ? 

NOTE. — This  question  should  be  answered  by  the  pupil  describing  the  promi- 
nent characters,  etc. 

The  following  questions  may  then  be  given,  or  such  of  them 
as  may  be  indicated  by  the  numbers  : 

1. — What  are  the  colors  of  the  (giving  the  name  of  the 
Family)  Butterflies  ? 

2. — What  tibial  character  is  prominent  ? 

3. — By  what  tarsal  character  are  they  distinguished  ? 

4. — By  what  character  pertaining  to  the  form,  etc.,  of  the 
hind  (or  under)  wings  are  the  (giving  the  name  of  the  Family) 
Butterflies  distinguished  ? 

5. — Name  the  example  (or  examples)  given  in  the  illustra- 
tions of  the  (giving  the  name  of  the  Family)  Butterflies  ? 

6.— Describe  the  appearance  and  habits  of  the  Caterpillars 
(larvse)  of  the Butterflies  ? 

7. — Describe  the  habits  of  the  Caterpillar  when  preparing 
to  enter  the  pupa  state  ? 

8. — Name  the  example  (or  examples)  given  of  the  Caterpil- 
lars of  the Butterflies  in  the  illustrations  ? 

9. — Name  the  example  given  of  the  pupa  of  the But- 
terflies ? 

NOTE. — When  the  question,  Describe  the  characters  by  which  the But- 
terflies are  distinguished?  is  followed  by  the  numbers  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8  and  9, 
or  any  of  these  numbers,  they  indicate  that  the  question  to  which  these  numbers 
are  attached  should  be  given  the  pupil  or  pupils,  so  that  in  preparing  the  answers 
they  may  fully  understand  the  characters  by  which  Butterflies  are  classified. 

The  same  course  will  be  followed  in  the  Second  Section  of 
Lepidoptera  (Moths),  excepting  that  some  of  the  questions 

will  be  changed. 
4* 


42  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

FIRST  SECTION.     (Lepidoptera.) 
Butterflies.— Swallow  Tails. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters6by  which  the  Swallow  Tails  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q— Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  6,  7  and  8. 

NOTE.— Ans.  to  Question  5:  Figs.  16  and  190. 

White  and  Yellow  Butterflies. 

Q. — Describe  the  character**  by  which  the  White  and  Yellow 
Butterflies  are  distinguished  ? 
Q,— Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8  and  9. 

NOTE.— Ans.  to  Ques.  5  :  Figs.  175, 176  and  191 ;   Ans.  to  Ques.  8  :  Figs.  87,  a, 
and  192,  a  ;  Ans.  to  Ques.  9 :  Figs.  87;  b,  and  192,  b. 

Four-footed    Butterflies. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Four-footed  But- 
terflies are  distinguished  ? 

Q— Nos.  1,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7  and  8. 

NOTE.— Ans.  to  Ques.  5  .  Figs.  81, 146  and  193 ;  Ans.  to  Ques.  8  :  Figs.  78  and 
193,  b. 

Thecla  and  Copper  Butterflies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Thecla  and  Cop- 
per Butterflies  are  distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  3,  6  and  7. 

Skipper  Butterflies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Skipper  Butter- 
flies are  distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,2,3,  4,  6  and  7. 

NOTE.— Spurs  are  stiff  bristles  or  spines  on  the  shank  (or  tibia)  of  the  leg  of  an 
insect,  as  at  apex  of  shank,  Fig.  117.  When  as  at  f,  Fig.  117,  it  is  said  the  shank 
is  spinous  or  spined.  The  spurs  represented  at  apex  of  tibia  in  Figs.  1  and  103 
are  good  examples.  In  descriptions  of  Lepidoptera,  the  term  legs  armed  means 
provided  with  spines. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  43 

SECOND  SECTION.    (Lepidoptera.) 
Moths. 

The  questions  to  be  given,  relating  to  the  characters,  etc., 
by  which  the  Families  of  the  Second  Section  of  Lepidoptera 
(Moths)  can  be  distinguished  from  each  other,  may  be  ar- 
ranged as  follows : 

Q. — Describe  the    characters  by  which  the  Moths 

are  distinguished  ? 

1. — Describe  the  form  of  the  body  of  the Moths  ? 

2. — Describe  the  wings  of  the Moths  ? 

3. — Describe  the  head  and  palpi  of  the Moths  ? 

4.— With  'which  form  of  antennae  are  the Moths  pro- 
vided ? 

5. — Have  the Moths  the  thorax  or  tip  of  abdomen 

tufted  ? 

6. — Name  the  example  (or  examples)  given  of  the 

Moths  in  the  illustrations  ? 

7. — Describe  the  appearance  and  habits  of  the  Caterpillars 
of  the Moths  ? 

8.— Describe  the  habits  of  the  Caterpillars  when  preparing 
to  enter  the  pupa  state  ? 

9. — Name  the  example  (or  examples)  given  of  the  Caterpil- 
lars of  the Moths  in  the  illustrations  ? 

10. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  pupae  of  the 

Moths  in  the  illustrations  ? 

11. — How  many  legs  are  the  Caterpillars  of  the Moths 

provided  with  ? 

Hawk  Moths. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Hawk  Me  ths  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10  and  11. 

NOTE — To  Ans.  6  add  Fig.  178  ;  Ans.  to  Ques.  10  :  Figs.  71  and  149.  Antennae 
spindle-shaped.  Larvae  injurious  to  grape-vines,  etc. 


44  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Clear-winged    Moths. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the   Clear- winged 
Moths  are  distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9  and  11. 

NOTE.— The  antennae  of  these  Moths  increase  in  size  from  the  base  nearly  to 
the  tip ;  pectinate  in  the  males.  Larvae  injurious  to  the  peach-tree,  raspberry 
and  currant-bushes,  etc.,  as  borers. 

Wood  Nymphs. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Wood  Nymph 
Moths  are  distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  2,  3,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  and  11. 

NOTE.— Ans.  to  Ques.  10  :  Fig.  202,  a,  and  Fig.  203,  a  ;  Ans.  to  Ques.  11 :  Fig. 
203,  b.  The  antennae  is  either  simple  or  pectinate,  sometimes  larger  in  the 
middle  than  at  either  end.  Larvae  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  the  grape-vine. 

Spinners. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Spinners  are  dis- 
tinguished ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  and  11. 

NOTE.— Figs.  207  and  208  ;  a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa.  Larvae  injurious  to  vegetation 
(excepting  the  Silk-worm). 

Owlet  Moths. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Owlet  Moths  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  9,  10  and  11. 

NOTE. — Fig.  209,  a  and  b,  egg;  c,  larva  ;  d,  pupa.  Fig.  211,  a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa. 
Larvw  injurious  to  foliage,  and  of  the  larvae  a  few  species  enter  the  stems  of 
plants. 

Geometrid  Moths. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Geometrid  Moths 
are  distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10  and  11. 


TEACHP^RS'  MANUAL.  45 

NOTE. — Fig.  213,  a,  larva  ;  c,  pupa.  Fig.  215,  b,  winglsss  female  ;  c,  three 
joints  of  antennae,  enlarged.  Fig.  216,  b,  wingless  female  ;  e,  a  portion  of  anten- 
nae enlarged.  Larvae  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  fruit  trees,  etc. 

Snout  Moths. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Snout  Moths  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  3,  4,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  and  11. 

NOTE. — Fig.  217,  1,  larva  in  tube  ;  2,  larva,  enlarged ;  3,  pupa.  Fig.  218,  1,  2> 
8,  larvae  ;  4,  pupa ;  7,  tube.  Larvae  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  the  grape-vine,  etc. 

Leaf-rollers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Leaf-rollers  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7,  9, 10  and  11. 

NOTE.— Fig.  250,  a,  larva  ;  b,  larva,  enlarged.  Fig.  223,  a,  nest ;  b,  pupa ;  c 
and  e,  larvae.  Larvae  injurious,  especially  the  larva  of  the  Codlin  Moth. 

Leaf-miners. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Leaf -miners  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  7  and  11. 

NOTE. — Larvae  injurious. 

Plume  Moths. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Plume  Moths  are 
distinguished  ? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10  and  11. 

NOTE. — Fig.  227,  a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa.  Larvw  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  grape- 
vine. 


46  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

Diptera. 

Question. — Into  how  many  sections  are  the  insects  of  this 
Order  divided,  and  name  them?  Answer. — Two  ;  Long-horned 
Flies  and  Short-horned  Flies. 

Q. — What  are  the  prominent  antennal  characters  by  which 
the  Long-horned  Flies  can  be  distinguished?  A.— They  are 
composed  of  four  or  more  joints. 

Q. — Wfiat  are  the  prominent  antennal  characters  by  which 
the  Short-horned  Flies  can  be  distinguished?  A. — The  an- 
tennae are  short  and  are  two  or  three  jointed. 

Long-horned  Flies. 

Q, — Into  how  many  Families  are  the  Long-horned  Flies  di- 
vided, and  name  them?  A.— Four  ;  Mosquitoes,  Gall  Gnats, 
Crane  Flies  and  Fleas. 

Short-horned  Flies. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  are  the  Short-horned  Flies  di- 
vided, and  name  them  ?  A. — Four  ;  Horse  Flies,  Syrphus 
Flies,  Bot  Flies  and  House  Flies. 

NOTE.— The  Robber  Flies  (Asilidce),  the  Forest  Flies  and  Sheep  Ticks  (Hippo- 
boscidce),  belong  to  Diptera. 

The  following  questions  may  be  given  for  the  Families  of 
Diptera  : 

SECTION  I.    (Long-horned  Flies.) 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the are  distin- 
guished? 

1. — Describe  the  mouth  parts  of  the ? 

2. — What  are  the  habits  of  the  larvae  of    the ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  47 

3.  —  In  what  position  are  the  wings  when  the  insect  is  at 
rest? 

4.  —  Describe  the  antennal  characters  by  which  the  - 


• 
are  distinguished? 

5.  —  Name  the  example  (or  examples)  given  of  the  -  in 
illustrations? 

6.—  Name  the  example  (or  examples)  given  of  the  larva  of  the 
-  in  illustrations? 


7. — Are  the possessed  of  wings? 

8. — Which  of  the  terms  "obtected"  or  "  coarctate "  is  ap- 
plied to  the  pupa  of  the ? 

Mosquitoes, 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Mosquitoes  are 
distinguished? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  4  and  5. 

NOTE.— The  antennae  of  the  Mosquitoes,  Gnats,  etc.,  are  feathery-like. 
Gall  Gnats. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Gall  Gnats  are 
distinguished? 
Q.— Nos.  3,  5  and  6. 

NOTE. — The  pupae  are  coarctate.    The  larvae  are  injurious  to  growing  wheat. 

Crane  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Crane  Flies  are 
distinguished? 
Q.— Nos.  5.  6  and  8. 

NOTE.— Fig.  168 ;  1,  larva  ;  2,  pupa.    Larvae  injurious. 

Fleas. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Fleas  are  distin- 
guished? 


48  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

SECTION  II.     (Short-horned  Flies.) 

Horse   Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Horse  Flies  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— Nos.  2,  4,  5,  6  and  8. 

NOTE.— Fig.  230  ;  a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa. 

Syrphus  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Syrphus  Flies  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— Nos.  2,  5,  6  and  8. 

NOTE.— Fig.  231 ;  a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa.    Larvae  beneficial. 

Bot  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Bot  Flies  are  dis- 
tinguished? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  6  and  8. 

NOTE. — Fig.  235 ;  4,  larva,  dorsal  view  ;  5,  larva,  ventral  view  ;  6,  younger  larva; 
3,  pupa. 

Answer  to  question  6,  Fig.  170  and  Fig.  233,  4,  5  and  6, 

House  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  House  Flies  are 
distinguished? 
Q.— Nos.  1,  2,  4,  5,  6  and  8. 

NOTE.— Answer  to  question  6,  Fig.  64. 

Q — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Tachina  Flies  are 
distinguished  ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  49 

CHAPTER  XV. 

Coleoptera.    (Beetles.) 

Q— -Into  how  many  sections  is  this  Order  of  insects  divided, 
and  name  the  characters  by  which  each  section  is  distin- 
guished? A. — They  are  divided  into  four  sections,  as  follows: 

1.  Section have  five  joints  in  all  of  the  feet. 

2.  Section have  five  joints  in  the  anterior  and  middle 

pair  of  feet  and  four  joints  in  the  hind  or  posterior  pair. 

3.  Section have  four  joints  in  all  of  the  feet. 

4.  Section have  three  joints  in  all  of  the  feet. 

Q. — Name  the  examples  of  the  first,  second,  third  and 
fourth  Sections  in  the  illustrations  given?  A. — The  Gold- 
smith Beetle  (Fig.  4),  belongs  to  the  first ;  the  Darkling  Bee- 
tle (Fig.  119)  to  the  second  ;  the  Prionus  Beetle  (Fig.  227)  to 
the  third,  and  the  True  Lady  Bird  (Fig.  239)  to  the  fourth. 
All  the  feet  five-jointed.  Pentarnera,  from  the  Greek  numeral, 
pente,  five,  and  mera,  parts  or  pieces. 

Pentamera. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Sub-sections  are  the  Beetles  having 
five-jointed  feet  divided?  A. — Into  six  Sub-sections. 

Q. — By  what  characters  are  they  distinguished  from  each 
other  ?  A. — By  the  form  of  their  antennae. 

Q. — Name  the  six  Sub-sections  and  the  forms  of  antennae 
by  which  they  are  classified  ?  A. — 1st  Sub-section,  antennae 
thread-like  (filiform);  2d  Sub-section,  becoming  thickened 
toward  the  tip,  club-shaped  (davate);  3d  Sub-section,  bead- 
like,  (moniliform);  4th  Sub-section,  comb-toothed  (pectinate); 
5th  Sub-section,  composed  of  plates  at  the  tip  (lamellate)',  6th 
Sub-section,  saw-toothed  (serrate). 
5 


50  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  forms  of  antennae  by 
which  the  six  Sub-sections  are  distinguished  ?  A. — 1st,  Fig. 
94;  2d,  Fig.  92;  3d,  Fig.  249;  4th,  Fig.  102;  5th,  Figs.  100 
and  101 ;  and  6th,  Fig.  99. 

Q. — What  are  the  food  habits  of  Beetles  of  the  following 
Sub-sections  :  1st  Sub-section  ;  five  joints  in  all  feet,  anten- 

ae  thread-like  (filiform)?  A. — Predaceous  in  both  perfect 
and  larva  state,  therefore  beneficial. 

Q. — 2d  Sub-section ;  five  joints  in  all  the  feet,  antennae 
becoming  thickened  at  the  tip  (clavate)  ?  A. — They  feed  upon 
decayed  vegetable  or  animal  matter,  therefore  beneficial  as 
scavengers. 

Q.— 3d  Sub-section ;  five  joints  in  all  the  feet,  antennae 
bead-like  (moniliform)  ?  A. — They  usually  feed  upon  decayed 
animal  matter,  therefore  beneficial  as  scavengers. 

Q. — 4th  Sub-section ;  five  joints  in  all  the  feet,  antennae 
comb-toothed  (pectinate)  f  A. — The  larvae  feed  upon  decayed 
wood.  The  perfect  insects  feed  upon  the  sap  exuding  from 
trees. 

Q. — 5th  Sub-section  ;  five  joints  in  all  the  feet,  antennae 
composed  of  plates  at  tip  (lamellate)?  A. — They  feed  upon 
excrements,  or  upon  plants. 

Q. — 6th  Sub-section ;  five  joints  in  all  the  feet,  antennae 
saw-toothed  (serrate)  f  A. — A  great  number  of  the  larvae  of 
this  Sub-section  live  and  feed  within  the  stems  or  branches  of 
shrubs  and  trees. 

NOTE. —The  termination  comes,  as  filicornes,  clavicornes,  etc. ,  means  thread- 
like, horned;  club-horned,  etc. 

SUB-SECTION  I. 

Q.— What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub-section  are  distinguished  ? 

NOTE.— Answer  by  giving  the  tarsal  and  antennal  characters. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  51 

Q.  Into  how  many  Tribes  is  this  Sub-section  divided,  and 
name  them  ?  A. — It  is  divided  into  two  Tribes ;  1st,  Preda- 
ceous  Ground  Beetles,  and  2d,  Predaceous  Water  Beetles. 

Q.— Name  the  Predaceous  Ground  Beetles?  A. — Tiger 
Beetles  and  Ground  Beetles. 

TRIBE   I. 

Q. — Describe  the  habits,  etc.,  of  Tribe  I  of  this  Sub-section? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  is  Tribe  I  of  this  Sub-section 
divided,  and  name  them?  A. — Two  Families,  Tiger  Beetles 
and  Ground  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Tiger  Beetles  are 
distinguished  ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  of  the  Tig<a*  Beetles  given  in  the 
illustrations? 

Q. — Describe  the  habits  of  their  larvae? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Ground  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  of  the  Ground  Beetles  given  in 
illustrations? 

Q. — Describe  the  habits  of  their  larvae? 

TRIBE  II. 

Q. — Describe  the  habits,  etc.,  of  Tribe  II  of  this  Sub- 
section ? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  is  Tribe  II  of  this  Sub-section 
divided,  and  name  them?  A. — Two  Families,  Divers  and 
Whirligig  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Diving  Beetles 
are  distinguished  ? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  illustration  ? 

NOTE.— The  Beetle  c,  in  illustration,  Fig.  244,  is  the  Dytiscus  fasciventris  (Say). 
The  larva  a,  and  pupa  b,  belong  to  the  Margined  Water  Beetle,  a  species  of  the 
same  genus. 


52  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — By  what  letters  are  the  larva,  pupa,  anterior  feet  of  the 
male  and  female  designated  in  Fig.  244  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Whirligig  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Describe  their  larvae? 

SUB-SECTION  II. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub-section  are  distinguished? 

NOTE.— Answer  by  giving  the  tarsal  and  antennal  characters. 

Q.— Into  how  many  Tribes  is  this  Sub-section  divided,  and 
name  them  ?  A. — It  is  divided  into  two  Tribes  :  1st,  Water 
Scavenger  Beetles,  and  2d,  Land  Scavenger  Beetles. 

TRIBE  I. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Water  Scavenger 
Beetles  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  are  the  Water  Scavenger  Bee- 
tles divided,  and  name  them?  A. — Two  Families  ;  Long  Toed 
Water  Beetles  and  Short  Toed  Water  Beetles. 

Long  Toed  Water  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Long  Toed  Water 
Beetles  are  distinguished  ? 

Q. — Describe  their  larvae? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Short  Toed  Water 
Beetles  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  this  illustration? 

NOTE.— The  larva,  a,  and  pupa,  c,  are  those  of  the  Pitch  Black  Water  Beetle, 
belonging  to  the  same  genus. 

Q. — By  what  letters  are  the  larva,  pupa,  anterior  foot  of 
male  and  female  designated  in  Fig.  245? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  53 

TRIBE  II. 

Q.— Describe  the  habits  of  the  Land  Scavenger  Beetles? 
Q.— Into  how  many  Sub-tribes  are  they  divided?    A.— Two. 

SUB-TRIBE  I. 

Q.— What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  Sub- 
tribe  I  can  be  distinguished  ? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  may  Sub-tribe  I  be  divided,  and 
name  them?  A. — Two  ;  Burying  Beetles  and  Museum  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Burying  Beetles 
are  distinguished,  and  their  food  habits? 

Q. — Name  an  example  given  in  the  illustrations? 

Q. — By  what  letters  are  the  pupa,  larva,  anterior  foot  of  the 
Beetle,  and  antennae  of  larva  designated  in  Fig.  246?  A. — 
Larva,  a  and  d  ;  pupa,  b  and  e  ;  anterior  foot,  k,  and  antennae 
of  larva,  j. 

Q.  — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Museum  Beetles 
are  distinguished,  and  their  food  habits? 

Q. — What  example  is  given  in  illustration  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  larvae  of  this  Family  ? 

Q. — Name  the  letter  designating  the  example  given  in  illus- 
tration (Fig.  247)? 

SUB-TRIBE  II. 

Q. — WThat  are  characters  by  which  this  Sub-tribe  can  be 
distinguished,  and  what  are  their  habits? 

Q. — Name  the  principal  Families  of  this  Sub-tribe  ?  A. — 
Trojosita  Beetles  and  Cucujus  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Trojosita  Beetles 
are  distinguished,  and  their  food  habits? 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Cucujus  Beetles 

are  distinguished,  and  their  food  habits  ? 
5* 


54  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Name  the  example  of  the  Cucujus  Beetle  given  in  illus- 
tration ? 

SUB-SECTION  III. 

Q. — What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub- section  are  distinguished? 

NOTE. — Answer  by  giving  the  tarsal  and  antennal  characters. 

Q.— What  is  the  popular  name  given  to  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub-section  ?  A.— Rove  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Rove  Beetles  can 
be  distinguished? 

Q. — What  are  their  habits? 

SUB-SECTION  IV. 

Q.— What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub-section  are  distinguished  ? 

NOTE.— Answer  by  giving  the  tarsal  and  antennal  characters. 

Q.— Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  Beetles  of  this  Sub-sec- 
tion subsist? 

Q. — Describe  their  larvae  ? 

SUB-SECTION  V. 

Q. — What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub-section  are  distinguished? 

NOTE. — Answer  by  giving  the  tarsal  and  antennal  characters. 

Q.— Into  how  many  Tribes  is  this  Sub-section  divided? 

A.— Five. 

TRIBE  I. 

Q. — What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  Tribe 
I,  of  this  Sub-section,  are  distioguished  ? 

Q.— Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  Beetles  of  this  Tribe 
live? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  55 

Q. — What  is  the  popular  name  given  the  Beetles  of  this 

Tribe? 

TRIBE  II. 

Q.— What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  Tribe 
II,  of  this  Sub-section,  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  Beetles  of  this  Tribe 
subsist? 

Q. — Where  do  the  larvae  of  these  Beetles  live,  and  upon 
what  kind  of  food  do  they  subsist? 

Q. — Name  the  the  principal  Families  of  this  Tribe?  A. — 
June  Beetles,  Grape-vine  Beetles  and  Cetonians. 

June  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  June  Beetles  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  perfect  insects  of  this 
Family  subsist? 

Q.— Name  the  examples  of  the  June  Beetles  given  in  the 
illustrations? 

Q.— Describe  the  larvae  of  the  June  Beetles? 

Q.— Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  larvae  of  the  June 
Beetles  subsist? 

Q.— What  figure  indicates  an  example  of  the  larvae  of  the 
June  Beetles  given  in  Fig.  139?  A.— Fig.  2. 

Grape-vine  Beetles. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Grape-vine  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  perfect  insects  of  this 
Family  subsist? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  of  the  Grape-vine  Beetles  given  in 
the  illustrations?  (The  Goldsmith  Beetle,  Fig.  4,  belongs  to 
this  Family.) 


56  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q.— Describe  the  habits  of  the  larvae  of  this  Family  ? 
Q. — By  what  letter  is  the  larva  designated  in  Fig.  253? 

Cetonians. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Cetonians  are 
distinguished  ? 

Q.— Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  these  Beetles  subsist? 

Q. — Name  the  example  of  the  Cetonian  Beetles  given  in  the 
illustration  ? 

Q. — What  is  said  of  the  habits  of  this  Family  of  Beetles? 

Q. — Upon  what  do  the  larvae  feed,  and  what  letter  designates 
the  larva  in  Fig.  255? 

SUB-SECTION  VI. 

Q.— -What  are  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Sub-section  are  distinguished? 

NOTE. — Answer  by  giving  the  tarsal  and  antennal  characters. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Tribes  is  this  Sub-section  divided,  and 
name  them?  A. — Three.  1st,  Saw-horned  Borers  ;  2d,  Aber- 
rant Wood  Beetles  ;  3d,  Soft-winged  Beetles. 

Saw-horned  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Saw-horned 
Beetles  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  are  the  Saw-horned  Beetles 
divided,  and  name  them?  A. — Two.  Buprestis  Beetles  and 
Spring  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Buprestis  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  this  Family  in  the  illustra- 
tions? 

Q. — Describe  the  larvae  of  this  Family,  and  also  state  upon 
what  kind  of  food  they  subsist? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  57 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustrations  ;  also  the 
letter  designating  the  larva  in  Fig.  257?  A.— Fig.  54.  The 
Beetle  which  produces  the  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer  and 
the  Kaspberry  Borer,  Fig.  257,  b. 

Spring  Beetles. 

NOTE. — These  Beetles  are  also  known  by  the  popular  names  Skip-jack  Beetle?, 
Snapping  Beetles,  Click  Beetles,  etc. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Spring  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  this  Family  in  the  illustra- 
tions? 

Q. — What  is  the  popular  name  given  to  the  larvae  of  the 
Beetles  of  this  Family? 

Q. — Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  larvae  subsist  ? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  of  the  larvae  of  this  Family  in 
the  illustrations  ?  A.— Fig.  258,  Wire  Worms,  7,  8  and  9  ;  Fig. 
259,  Glow  Worms,  a  and  b. 

TRIBE  II. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe  are  distinguished  ? 
Q. — Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  they  subsist? 

Branch  Borers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Branch  Boring 
Beetles  of  this  Family  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  perfect  insects  of  this 
Family  in  the  illustrations? 

Q.— By  what  letter  is  the  larva  designated  in  Fig.  262? 

TRIBE  III. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Families  is  Tribe  III  divided,  and  name 
them?  A. — Two.  Soft- winged  Beetles  and  Lightning  Beetles. 


58  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Soft-winged  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe  are  distinguished? 
Q.— What  are  their  habits? 

Lightning  Beetles 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Lightning  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  illustration? 

Q. — By  what  letter  is  the  larva  designated  in  Fig.  263? 
A. — By  the  letter  a. 

SECTION  II.     (Heteromera.) 

Five  j6ints  in  the  anterior  and  middle  pairs  of  feet,  and 
four  joints  in  the  posterior  pair.  The  Beetles  of  this  Section 
are  termed  Heteromera,  from  the  Greek  word  hetero,  meaning 
different,  prefixed  to  mera,  meaning  pieces  or  parts. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Section  are  distinguished?  A. — By  having  five  joints  in  the 
anterior  and  middle  pair  of  feet  and  four  joints  in  the  hind  or 
posterior  pair. 

Q. — Into  how  many  Tribes  is  this  Section  divided,  and  name 
them?  A.— Three  ;  1st,  Parasite  Beetles  ;  2d,  Bark  Beetles, 
and  3d,  Ground  Beetles. 

TRIBE  /. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe  are  distinguished? 

Q.— Name  the  Families  given  of  Tribe  I  ?  A.— Blister  Bee- 
tles and  Notoxus  Beetles. 

Blister  Beetles. 

Q. — Cescribe  the  characters  by  which  the  Blister  Beetles  are 
distinguished,  and  their  food  habits? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  59 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Blister  Beetles  in  the 
illustration  ? 

Q. — Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  the  larvae  of  these  Beetles 
subsist? 

Q.— Wherein  does  the  genus  Meloe  differ  from  other  genera 
of  this  Family? 

Q.— Of  what  medicinal  property  are  some  of  the  genera  of 
this  family  possessed? 

NOTE. — Their  antennse  are  usually  thread-like  (filiform). 

Notoxus  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Notoxus  Beetles 
are  distinguished  ? 

Q. — Name  the  illustration  given  of  this  Family? 
Q. — Upon  what  kind  of  food  do  they  subsist  ? 

TRIBE  II. 

What  is  the  popular  name  given  to  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe?  A.— Bark  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Bark  Beetles  are 
distinguished,  and  also  the  habits  of  their  larvae? 

TRIBE  III. 

Q. — What  is  the  popular  name  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe  are  known?  A. — Ground  Beetles  ;  but  are  all  included 
in  one  Family,  commonly  known  as  the  Darkling  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe  are  distinguished? 

Q.— Describe  the  form,  number  of  legs,  etc.,  which  the  lar- 
vas  of  the  Darkling  Beetle  are  provided  with  ;  also  their  food 
habits? 


60  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  perfect  insects  and 
larva  in  the  illustrations* 

NOTE.— The  letter  "  a  "  designates  the  larva,  Fig.  265. 

SECTION  III.    (Four  Joints  in  all  the  Feet.) 

The  Beetles  of  this  section  are  termed  Tetramera,  from  the 
Greek  numeral  tetra,  four,  prefixed  to  mera,  meaning  pieces 
or  parts. 

Q. — Describe  a  prominent  character  by  which  the  Beetles  of 
this  Section  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Into  how  many  Tribes  are  the  Beetles  of  this  Section 
divided,  and  name  them?  A. — Four  ;  1st,  Weevil ;  2d,  Short- 
horned  Borers  ;  3d,  Long-horned  Borers,  and  4th,  the  Plant 

Beetles. 

TRIBE  I. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Tribe  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  Families  into  which  Tribe  I  is  divided  ?  A. — 
Bruchus  Weevils  and  Snout  Beetles. 

Bruchus  Weevils. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Bruchus  Weevils 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustrations  ? 

Q. — Describe  the  larvae  and  their  food  habits  ? 

Q.— What  letter  designates  the  larva  in  Fig.  267?  A.— Let- 
ter c. 

Snout  Beetles. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Snout  Beetles  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Snout  Beetles  in  the 
illustrations? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  61 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  larvae  of  the 
Snout  Beetles  are  distinguished,  and  their  food  habits? 

Q. — Are  the  eggs  deposited  by  the  female  of  Snout  Beetle 
on  the  surface  of  the  fruit,  etc.? 

NOTE.— The  letter  "  a,"  Figs.  271  and  274,  designates  the  larvae  of  the  Snout 
Beetles. 

Short-horned  Borers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by   which  the  Short-horned 
Borers  are  distinguished? 
Q. — What  are  the  habits  of  their  larvae? 
Q. — Name  the  examples  of  the  Short-horned  Borers  given 

in  illustration? 

Long-horned  Borers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Long-horned 
Borers  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Long-horned  Borers 
in  the  illustrations? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  larvae  of  this 
Family  are  distinguished  ;  also  their  food  habits,  etc.? 

Q.— What  letter  designates  the  larva  in  Fig.  278? 

TRIBE  IV. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Plant  Beetles 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  larvae  are  distin- 
guished, and  their  habits? 

Q, — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Plant  Beetles  in  the 
illustrations? 

Q. — What  letters  designate  the  eggs  and  larvae  in  Fig.  282? 
A. — a,  eggs  ;  b,  the  larvae  in  different  stages  of  growth. 

Q.— What  letters  represent  the  larvae  in  Fig.  283?  A.— a, 
larvae,  natural  size  ;  b,  larva  magnified. 

NOTE.— Fig.  288  represents  the  larvae  of  the  Tortoise  Beetles. 
6 


62  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

SECTION  IV.      (Three  Joints  in  all  the  Feet.) 

The  Beetles  of  this  Section  are  termed  Trimera,  from  the 
Greek  numeral  tri  prefixed  to  mera,  meaning  pieces  or  parts. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Beetles  of  this 
Section  are  distinguished  ? 

Lady  Bird   Family. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Lady  Birds  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Lady  Birds  in  the  illus- 
trations ? 

Q. — Describe  Fig.  290  ?  A. — a,  larva  ;  b,  pupa  ;  d,  e,  f  and 
g,  varieties  of  the  Fifteen-spotted  Lady  Bird. 


CHAPTER   XVI. 

HEMIPTERA.     (True  Bugs.) 

SUB-OBDEB,  HOMOPTEBA  (Similar-winged  Bugs}. 

Question— Into  how  many  Families  is  the  Sub-order  Horn- 
op  tera  divided,  and  name  them?  Answer— Seven.  Plant-lice, 
Mealy-winged  Bugs,  Scale  Insects,  Jumping  Plant-lice,  Leaf 
Hoppers,  Lantern  Flies  and  Harvest  Flies. 

Plant-lice. 

Q.— Describe  the  prominent  characters  by  which  the  Plant- 
lice  are  distinguished? 

Q.— What  kind  of  food  do  they  subsist  upon,  and  on  what 
parts  of  plants  are  they  found? 

Q. — Do  they  live  in  colonies? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  63 

Q. — Do  they  reproduce  their  kind  from  an  egg? 

Q.— What  attracts  the  Ants  and  Flies  to  trees  or  plants  in 
fested  by  Plant-lice? 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given  of  the  Plant-lice  in  the 
illustrations,  designating  those  which  represent  the  Winged- 
lice  and  those  which  represent  the  Wingless-lice?  A. — Cab- 
bage Plant-louse  ;  Fig.  24,  2,  winged ;  Fig.  24,  4,  wingless. 
Fig.  158,  Apple-tree,  wingless.  Hop-louse,  Fig.  157,  2, 
winged ;  157,  4,  wingless.  Grain -louse,  Fig.  291, 1,  winged  ; 
291,  3,  wingless.  The  Wooly  Aphis,  Fig.  292,  c,  winged  ;  292, 

b,  wingless. 

Mealy-winged  Bugs. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Mealy-winged 
bugs  are  distinguished? 

Scale    Insect. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Scale  Insects  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Scale  Insects  in  the 
illustrations  of  this  Chapter? 

Jumping  Plant-lice. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Jumping  Plant- 
lice  are  distinguished? 

Q. — In  what  character  do  the  antennae  of  this  Family  differ 
from  those  of  other  Plant-lice?  A. — The  last  joint  terminates 
in  two  long  bristles. 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Jumping  Plant-lice  in 
the  illustration? 

Leaf  Hoppers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  Leaf  Hoppers  are 
identified? 

Q.— Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Leaf -hoppers  in  the 
illustrations? 


64  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Lantern  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Lantern  Flies 
are  distinguished? 
Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  the  illustration? 

Harvest  Flies. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Harvest  Flies  can 
be  identified? 

Q.— Describe  their  habits  of  oviposition,  feeding,  etc.? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  illustration,  and  why  it  is 
so  called? 

Q.— Describe  Fig.  300?  A.— a,  pupa  ;  b,  empty  pupa  case  ; 
c,  perfect  insect ;  d,  punctures  in  branch  in  which  the  Har- 
vest Fly  deposited  eggs. 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

HEMIPTERA. 
SUB-OBDEB  II.    HETEROPTEKA  (Dissimilar-winged  Bugs). 

Question — Into  how  many  Families  is  this  Sub-order  divi- 
ded, and  name  them?  Answer — Thirteen ;  namely,  Water 
Boatmen,  Water  Scorpions,  Galgula  Bugs.  Water  Measurers, 
Pirate  Bugs,  Chinch  Bugs,  Squash  Bugs,  Plant  Bugs,  Soldier 
Bugs,  Thrips,  Bed-bugs,  Lice  and  Bird-lice. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Water  Boatmen 
are  distinguished? 

Q.— What  are  their  habits? 

Q. — Describe  the  Water  Scorpions? 

Q. — What  are  their  habits? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  of  the  Water  Scorpion  in  the 
illustrations?  A. — The  Large  Belostoma,  Fig.  134. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  65 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Galgula  Bugs  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— What  are  their  habits? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Water  Measurers 
are  distinguished? 

Q.— What  are  their  habits? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Pirate  Bugs  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— What  are  their  habits  ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Pirate  Bugs  in  the 
illustrations? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Chinch  Bugs  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits,  etc.  ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Chinch  Bugs  in  the 
illustrations  ? 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Squash  Bugs 
are  distinguished? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Squash  Bugs  in  the  il- 
lustrations ? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Plant  Bugs  are 
distinguished? 

Q.— What  are  their  habits,  etc.  ? 

Q.— Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Plant  Bugs  in  the  il- 
lustrations? 

.  Q. — What  is  meant  by  scutellum  f  A. — A  triangular  piece 
attached  to  the  posterior  edge  of  the  thorax,  and  extending 
between  the  bases  of  the  elytra,  or  wing-cases,  especially  in 
Coleoptera  and  in  some  of  Sub-order  Heteroptera. 

NOTE.— The  only  part  visible  from  above  of  the  third  division  of  the  thorax,  to 
which  the  hind  wings  and  hind  pair  of  legs  are  attached. 

6* 


66  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — What  examples  can  you  name  in  the  illustrations  given? 
A.— Figs.  54,  20, 114, 118, 139,  237,  243  b,  246  c,  258  3,  304  and 
others  ? 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Thrips  are  dis- 
tinguished? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits? 

Q. — Name  the  illustration  given  of  the  Thrips  as  larva, 
pupa  and  perfect  insect  ?  A. — Fig.  42,  larva  ;  305,  pupa  ;  161, 
perfect  insect. 

NOTF.— The  perfect  insect  measure  one  twenty-second  (1-22)  of  an  inch  in  length. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Bed-bugs  are  dis- 
tinguished? 

Q. — Describe  their  food  habits? 

Q.— Name  the  examples  given  of  this  Family  in  the  illustra- 
tion? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Lice  are  dis- 
tinguished ? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Bird-lice  are  dis- 
tinguished? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits,  etc.  ? 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

ORTHOPTERA. 

Question — luto  how  many  sections  is  this  Order  divided, 
andnamethem?    Answer — Four;  namely,  Runners,  Graspers, 

Walkers  and  Jumpers. 

Runners. 

Q. — Name  the  Families  given  of  this  section?     A.— Earwigs 
and  Cockroaches. 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  67 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Earwigs  are  dis- 
tinguished? 

Q.— Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Earwig  in  the  illustra- 
tion? 

Q. — What  are  their  food  habits? 

Cockroaches. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Cockroaches  are 
distinguished? 
Q.— What  are  their  habits? 

Graspers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Graspers  are  dis- 
tinguished? 

Q — Name  the  example  given  of  this  Family,  and  also  of 
their  eggs  as  deposited  on  a  branch  of  a  grapevine,  etc.? 

Q.— What  is  said  of  this  Family  as  to  their  food  habits? 

Walkers. 
Q.— Describe  the  habits  of  this  Family? 

Jumpers. 

Q. — Name  the  Families  into  which  this  section  is  divided? 
A. — Crickets,  Katydids,  Locusts  or  Brown  Grasshoppers, 
Grouse  Locusts  and  True  Locusts. 

Crickets. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Crickets  are  dis- 
tinguished? 

Mole  Crickets. 

Q, — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Mole  Crickets  are 
distinguished  ? 


68  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Tree  Crickets. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Tree  Crickets  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — Where  do  the  females  deposit  their  eggs? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  Tree  Crickets  in  the 
illustrations?  A.— Figs.  21  and  309. 

Q.— Name  the  examples  given  of  branches  in  which  their 
eggs  are  deposited  ?  A.— Figs  28  and  34. 

NOTE.— Fig.  28,  a,  eggs  deposited  in  the  pith  of  a  branch  ;  b,  opening  made  by 
the  female,  through  which  the  egg  is  thrust  to  the  pith  .  c,  an  egg  enlarged. 

Fig.  34,  a,"  branch  representing  punctures  made  in  the  bark  ;  b,  branch  repre- 
senting eggs  as  laid  in  the  wood  ;  c,  egg  magnified. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Field  Crickets 
are  distinguished? 

Katydids  or  Green  Grasshoppers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Katydids  or  Green 
Grasshoppers  are  distinguished? 

Q.— Where  do  the  Katydids  deposit  their  eggs? 

Q. — Name  the  illustrations  given^of  the  insect,  eggs,  etc.? 
A.— Insect,  Fig.  141.  Eggs,  Figs.  27  and  310. 

Locusts  or  Brown  Grasshoppers. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Brown  Grasshop- 
pers are  distinguished? 

Q. — What  is  said  of  the  males? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Sub-family 
termed  Grouse  Locusts  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Sub-family 
termed  True  Locusts  are  distinguished  ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  69 

CHAPTER   XIX. 

NUEROPTERA. 

Question— Name  the  Families  into  which  this  Order  of  in- 
sects is  divided?  Answer — White  Ants,  Fungus  Flies, 
Perla  Flies,  May  Flies,  Dragon  Flies,  Sialis  Flies,  Lace- 
winged  Flies,  Scorpion  Flies  and  Caddis  Flies. 

White  Ants. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  White  Ants  are 
distinguished? 
Q. — What  are  their  food  habits,  etc.? 

Fungus  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Fungus  Flies  are 
distinguished  ;  also  their  habits? 

Perla  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Perla  Flies  are 
distinguished  ;  also  their  habits? 

May   Flies. 

Q.-~ Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  May  Flies  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — What  is  meant  by  sub-imago? 
Q.— What  are  their  habits? 
Q. — Name  the  insects  of  the  Order   Hymenoptera  which 

they  resemble? 

Dragon  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Dragon  Flies  are 
distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  illustration? 


70  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Q. — Describe  the  larvae  of  this  Family  and  their  habits? 

Q. — Into  how  many  groups  are  the  insects  of  this  Family 
divided,  and  name  them?  A. — Two.  1st,  Ag-ri-on-i-nae«  and 
2d,  Li-bel-lu-li-nse. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  first  group  is 
distinguished? 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  second  group  is 
distinguished? 

Lace-winged   Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Lace-winged 
Flies  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Describe  the  transformations  of  the  Lace-winged  Flies? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  the  perfect  insect  and 
larva  in  the  illustrations  ? 

Q. — What  are  the  food  habits  of  their  larvae? 

Q. — Name  another  insect  belonging  to  this  Family  that  is 
predaceous,  and  the  manner  in  which  it  captures  its  food? 

Scorpion  Flies. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Scorpion  Flies 
are  distinguished? 
Q. — What  is  said  of  their  larva,  etc.? 

Caddis  Flies. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  Caddis  Flies  are 
distinguished? 
Q. — What  are  the  habits  of  their  larvae? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  71 


CHAPTER   XX. 

In  the  descriptions  given  in  the  foregoing  chapters,  the  Or- 
ders were  divided  into  Sections,  Sub-sections,  Tribes,  Fami- 
lies, Groups  and  Sub-families.  In  order  that  the  natural 
history  and  divisions  of  the  Family  Coccidae,  of  the  Sub- 
order Homoptera  be  better  understood,  the  Sub-families  will 
be  divided  into  genera,  so  as  to  assist  the  pupil  in  under- 
standing the  classification  of  the  Scale  Insects. 

Question.— Name  the  insects  of  which  the  Coccidse  Family 
is  composed? 

NOTE.— The  pupil  should  memorize  the  part  of  chapter  20  on  page  114,  and  all 
of  page  115.  Exuviae,  or  cast-off  skin  of  the  larva  ;  see  examples,  center  of 
2a,  Fig.  311,  scale  of  female,  and  2b,  Fig.  311,  scale  of  male. 

Q. — Name  the  three  Sub -families  into  which  the  Coccidse  is 
divided  ? 

Q. — Name  the  genera  which  compose  the  first  Sub-family, 
Diaspinse?  A.— Aspidiotus,  Diaspis,  Chionaspis,  Mytilaspis, 
Parlatoria  and  Uhleria. 

Genus  Aspidiotus. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustrations  of  the  in- 
sects of  this  genus?  A. — Fig.  293,  Oleander  leaves  infested 
by  Lemon  Peel  Scale-insect,  1,  natural  size  ;  male  insect,  la  ; 
male  Scale,  Ib  ;  female  insect,  Ic,  enlarged.  Fig.  311,  Orange 
leaves  infested  by  the  Red  Scale  of  Florida,  2  ;  female  Scale, 
2a  ;  male  Scale,  2b  ;  larva,  2c  ;  (2,  natural  size  ;  2a,  2b,  2c,  en- 
larged). 

NOTE.— The  Red  Scale  of  Cal.,  Greedy  Scale,  San  Jose  Scale,  Red  Bay  Scale 
and  Oyster  Shell  Bark-louse  belong  to  this  genus. 


72  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Genus  Diaspis. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  the  illustration  of  the  Hose 
Scale?  A. — Fig.  312,  rose  branch  infested  by  the  Eose  Scale, 
1 ;  female  Scale,  la  ;  male  Scale,  Ib  ;  (1,  natural  size  ;  la  and 
Ib,  enlarged). 

Q. — Wherein  do  Scale  of  this  genus  differ  from  Aspidiotus? 

NOTE. — The  Oyster  Formed  Scale-insect  belongs  to  this  genus. 

Genus  Chionaspis. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Wherein  do  the  insects  of  this  genus  resemble  those  of 
the  genus  Diaspis  and  Mytilaspis? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustrations  of  the  in- 
sects of  this  genus.  A. — Fig,  313,  branch  infested  by  the 
Scurfy  Scale-insects,  1 ;  male  Scales,  showing  insect,  la  ;  male 
insect,  perfect,  Ib  ;  female  insect  and  scale,  Ic  ;  (la,  Ib  and 
Ic,  enlarged  ;  1,  natural  size). 

Genus  Mytilaspis. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q — Wherein  do  the  scale  of  the  male  and  that  of  the  female 
differ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustration  of  the  in- 
sects of  this  genus?  A. — Fig.  314,  orange  leaf  infested  by 
the  Citrons  Scale-insect,  1  ;  scale  of  females,  dorsal  view,  la  ; 
scale  of  female  with  ventral  scale  and  eggs,  Ib  ;  scale  of  male, 
Ic  ;  (1,  natural  size  ;  la,  Ib  and  Ic,  enlarged). 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  73 

Genus  Parlatoria. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  insects  of  this  genus 
are  distinguished? 
Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  illustration  ? 

Genus  Uhleria. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 
Q.— Name  example  given  of  this  genus  in  illustration? 

Genus  Ceroplates. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  of  this  insect  in  the  illustra- 
tions? A. — Fig.  317,  the  Florida  Scale-insect  on  Ilex,  natural 
size  ;  2c,  young  female,  and  2b,  adult  female  enlarged,  Fig. 
318,  the  Barnacle  Scale ;  females,  natural  size,  3 ;  female  en- 
larged, 3a. 

Genus  Pulvinaria. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q. — For  what  Group  of  insects  was  this  genus  erected? 
Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  the  illustrations? 

NOTE. — The  Cottony  Grape  Scale  belongs  to  this  genus. 
Genus  Lecanium. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  ? 

Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustrations  ?  A. — 
Fig.  294,  Black  Scale  on  Olive,  natural  size ;  la,  enlarged. 
Fig.  320,  Filbert  Scale  ;  on  Jeaf,  natural  size,  3 ;  enlarged,  3a. 
7 


74  TEACHERS'  MANUAL. 

Fig.  321,  Soft  Orange  Scale,  natural  size,  with  accompanying 
cut  of  female  enlarged. 

NOTE.— The  flat  soft  Scales  on  the  peach,  pear,  almond,  elm,  locust,  and  hot- 
house plants,  belong  to  this  genus. 

Genus  Kermes. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  ? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  the  illustrations?  A. — Fig. 
322,  adult^female  on  stem,  immature  females  on  leaves. 

Genus  Rhizococcus. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  ? 

Q. — By  what  characters  are  the  male  insects  of  this  genus 
distinguished  from  the  males  of  other  genera? 

Q. — What  kind  of  covering  does  the  female  prepare  for  her 
eggs? 

Q. — Describe  the  preparation  made  by  the  male  larva  pre- 
vious to  its  entering  the  pupa  state? 

Q. — Name  an  insect  belonging  to  this  genus? 

Genus   Dactylopius. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  ? 
Q. — Name  the  examples  given  in  the  illustrations  * 

Genus  Pseudococcus. 

Q.— Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  ? 

Genus  Coccus. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished  from  Dactylopius  and  Pseudococous? 
Q. — Name  an  insect  belonging  to  this  genus  ? 


TEACHERS'  MANUAL.  75 

Genus  Icerya. 

Q. — Describe  the  characters  by  which  the  insects  of  this 
genus  are  distinguished? 

Q. — Name  the  example  given  in  illustration?  A. — Fig.  295, 
female  adult  and  young  on  orange  leaf.  Fig.  325,  females 
and  young  on  orange  branch. 

NOTE. — The  Cottony  Cushion  Scale  feeds  upon  all  kinds  of  citrous  and  decidu- 
ous fruit  trees,  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs. 


CHAPTER   XXI. 

The  pupil  should  be  required  to  memorize  the  names  of 
the  insects  given  in  this  Chapter,  so  as  to  become  familiar 
with  such  insects  as  are  termed  Beneficial. 

The  Tiger  Beetles,  Ground  Beetles,  Lady-birds,  Mantis, 
Soldier  Bugs.  Lace-winged  Flies,  Syrphus  Flies,  Wasps, 
Ichnuemon  Flies,  Chalcid  FHes  and  Tachina  Flies  are  de- 
scribed in  the  preceding  Chapters. 

NOTE. — The  Chalcid  Flies  are  very  small  (see  cross  lines  representing  natural 
size,  Fi£.  188). 


CHAPTER   XXII. 

The  directions  for  collecting  and  preserving  insects,  given 
in  this  Chapter,  are  intended  to  assist  students  and  others 
commencing  the  study  of  Entomology,  in  making  collections 
of  insects  for  classification,  etc. 


TABLE  OF  TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


Ab-do-meD, 

A-che-mon, 

A-crid-i-dse, 

A-crid-i-nae, 

^l-ger-i-dse, 

A-leu-rod-i-dse, 

Am-bu-la-to-ri-a, 

An-ten-na  (sing.)» 

A.n-ten-nae  (pl.)» 

A-phid-i-dae, 

A-phod-i-dse, 

As-pi-di-o-tus, 

Ar-tic-u-la-ta, 

Blat-ti-dse, 

Bom-byc-i-dse, 

Brach-y-ce-ra, 

Bru-chi-dse, 

Bu-pres-ti-dse, 

Can-tha-ris, 

Oap-i-tate, 

Cap-si-dse, 

Car-a-bi-dae, 

Ce-ci-do-my-i-dse, 

Cer-cop-i-dse, 

Ce-ro-plas-tes, 

Ce-ram-byc-i-das, 

Ce-ton-i-dse, 


Chal-cid-i-dse, 

Chi-on-as-pis, 

Ghrys-id-i-daa, 

Chrys-o-mel  -i-dse, 

Ci-ca-di-d83, 

Ci-cin-del-i-dae, 

Cis-tel-i-dse, 

Cla-vate, 

Clyp-e-us, 

Go-arct-ate, 

Coc-ci-daa, 

Coc-ci-naa, 

Coc-cin-el-li-dse, 

Coc-cus, 

Co-coon, 

Co-le-op-ter-a, 

Cop-ri-dse, 

Co-re-i-dse, 

Cu-cuj-i-dse, 

Cu-lic-i-dse, 

Cur-cu-li-on-i-dse, 

Cur-so-ri-a, 

Cy-nip-i-dse, 

Dac-tyl-op-i-us, 

Der-mes-ti-dse, 

Di-as-pi-nse, 

Di-as-pis, 


TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


77 


Dip-ter-a, 

Dor-sum, 

Dy-tis-ci-dse, 

E-la-ter-i-dse, 

E-pi-cau-ta, 

E-phem-er-i-dse, 

Fe-nmr, 

Fil-i-form, 

Fla-bel-late, 

For-fic-u-lar-i-dse, 

For-mic-i-dse, 

Ful-gor-i-dse, 

Fu-si-form, 

Gal-gu-li-dae, 

Gen-e-ra  (pi.), 

Ge-nic-u-late, 

Ge-nus  (sing.)» 

Ge-o-trup-i-dse, 

Gril-li-dse, 

Gy-ri-ni-dse, 

Haus-tel-la-ta, 

Hem-e-ly-tra, 

Hem-e-ro-bi-dae, 

He-mip-te-ra, 

Hes-per-i-dse, 

Het-er-oc-e-ra, 

Het-er-om-er-a, 

Het-er-op-ter-a, 

Ho-mop-te-ra, 

Hy-dro-met-ri-dse, 

Hy-dro-pkil-i-dae, 

Hy-men-op-te-ra, 


Hy-per-sto-raa, 

Ich-neu-mon, 

Ich-neu-mon-i-dse, 

I-naa-go, 

Ker-mes, 

La-bium, 

La-brum, 

Lach-nos-ter-na, 

Lam-el-late, 

Lam-pyr-i-dse, 

Lar-va  (sing.), 

Lar-vse  (pl.)> 

Le-oan-i-nse, 

Le-can-i-um, 

Lep-i-dop-te-ra, 

Li-bel-lu-li-dse, 

Lin-gu-la, 

Lo-cus-ti-dse, 

Ly-csen-i-dse, 

Ly-gse-i-dae, 

Lyt-ta, 

Mal-lo-phag-i-dae, 

Man-dib-u-la-ta, 

Man-ti-dse, 

Max-il-la  (sing.), 

Max-il-lse  (pi.), 

Mel-an-dry-i-d  se, 

Me-lo-i-dse, 

Mel-o-lonth-i-dae, 

Mem-bra-na-ce-i-dse, 

Mes-o-tho-rax, 

Met-a-mor-pho-ses, 


78 


TECHNICAL  NAMES. 


Met-a-tho-rax, 

Mol-lus-ca, 

Mo-nil-i-form, 

Mus-ci-dae, 

Myt-il-as-pis, 

Nem-oc-er-a  (or  e-ra), 

Nep-i-dae, 

Neu-rop-te-ra, 

Noc-tu-i-dae, 

No-to-nec-ti-dae, 

Nymph-al-i-dae, 

Ob-teet-ed, 

Oc-ci-put, 

O-cel-li  (pi.), 

O-cel-lus  (sing.), 

GE-soph-a-gus, 

(Es-tri-date, 

Or-thop-te-ra, 

Pal-pi  (pi.), 

Pal-pus  (sing.), 

Pa-nor-pi-dae, 

Pa-pil-i-on-i-dae, 

Par-a-glos-sa, 

Par-la-to-ri-a, 

Par-ni-dae, 

Pec-ti-nate, 

Pe-dic-u-li-d83, 

Per-li-dse, 

Pen-tam-er-a, 

Pha-laan-i-dae, 

Phil-am-pe-lis, 

Phryg-an-i-dse, 


Pi-er-i-dae, 

Pi-lif-er-ous, 

Pom-pil-i-dae, 

Pro-bos-cis, 

Proc-tu-trup-i-dae, 

Pro-tho-rax, 

Pseu-do-coo-cus, 

Pso-ci-dae, 

Psyl-li-daa, 

Pte-roph-or-i-dae, 

Pu-pa  (sing.), 

Pu-pae  (pi.), 

Pu-lic-i-dae, 

Pul-vi-na-ri-a, 

Py-ral-i-dae, 

Quer-cin-a, 

Ka-di-a-ta, 

Kap-to-ri-a, 

Be-du-vi-dae, 

Eho-pal-oc-er-a, 

Khi-zo-coc-cus, 

Ru-gose, 

Eu-til-i-dae, 

Sal-ta-to-ri-a, 

Sco-lyt-i-dae, 

Scu-tel-ler-i-dae, 

Ser-rate. 

Se-ta-ceous, 

Si-al-is, 

Silph-i-dae, 

Spir-a-cle, 

Sphing-i-dae, 


TECHNICAL  NAMES.  79 

Staph-y-lin-i-dse,  Tip-u-li-dse, 

Stri-83,  Tor-tric-i-dae, 

Sut-ure,  Tra-che-a, 

Syrph-i-dae,  Tri-me-ra, 

Ta-ba-ni-dae,  Tro-chan-ter, 

Tach-i-na,  Trog-os-it-i-dse, 

Ten-e-bri-on-i-dse,  Tu-ber-cle, 

Ter-mit-i-das,  Uh-le-ri-a, 

Tet-tig-i-nse,  U-ro-cer-i-dse, 

Te-tram-er-a,  Ven-ter, 

Tho-rax,  Ver-te-bra-ta, 

Thrip-i-dse,  Yes-pi-dse, 

Tib-i-a,  Vi-vip-a-rous, 

Tin-e-i-dse,  Zy-gaen-i-dse. 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Introductory 5 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    1 ; 7 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    2 9 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    3 .10 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    4 13 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    5 14 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    6 15 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    7 21 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    8 21 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter    9 22 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  10 30 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  11 34 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  12 36 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  13 39 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  14 46 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  15 49 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  16 62 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  17 64 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  18 66 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  19 69 

Questions,  etc.,  Chapter  20 71 

Bemarks,  Chapter  21 75 

Kemarks,  Chapter  22 75 

Table  of  Technical  Names . .  . .  76 


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